NOTE TO USERS: This manual is best viewed by using a uniform-spaced font 
(such as Courier or Monaco) and setting a width of 80 characters.

This text version is lacking the Arabic and Greek words, the illustrations that
I added for the Acrobat version (Lloyd as a youth and as an 80-year old), as
well as two pages of facsimile text ("Elixir Album" & "Elixir Rubrum").  MM

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                      ELIXIRS AND FLAVORING EXTRACTS: 
   Their History, Formulae, & Methods of Preparation, by John Uri Lloyd (1892)
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

EDITOR'S NOTE: John Uri Lloyd (1849-1936) founded Lloyd Brothers Pharmacy in 
Cincinnati, and was responsible for the formulation of a body of plant extracts 
called Specific Medicines (following the recommendations of Scudder).  The 
pharmacy closed in the early 1960's, but his legacy is still present as the 
Lloyd Library, (the largest library of medical plant books in the world), the 
Lloyd Extractor, his pioneering work in colloidal chemistry, and several 
bestselling works of fiction, including "Stringtown" on the Pike and the mystical
 "Etidorhpa".
     He began as a raw apprentice in 1862 to W.J.M.Gordon in Cincinnati.  When 
he finished the apprenticeship (a three or four-year stint), he re-apprenticed 
with ANOTHER pharmacist, George Eger, in order to learn German pharmacy .  By 
the time he met up with two famous medical radicals, Dr. John King and Dr. 
J.M.Scudder, he was so expert at PHYSICAL pharmacy that, now in his late 20's, 
he was offered the position as the director of the H. M. Merrell and Co. 
Laboratories, at that time the primary manufacturer for both Eclectic and 
Physio-Medical pharmaceuticals.  He and his ill-fated brother (the premier 
mycologist of the age) eventually bought out Merrill...and Lloyd Brothers was 
begun.
     The three editions of Elixir Formulae were written to attempt codification
of a wildly chaotic...and dangerous state of affairs in American Medicine.  
They became THE standards for 15 years...and helped lead the way for the first 
National Formulary of 1888. Because of his alliance with medical radicals ("the 
Loyal Opposition") he was blacklisted from the first N.F. congress, locked out 
by hardliners in the American Pharmaceutical Association. Since the whole thing 
was his brainchild, and he was de-facto editor of the first N.F., the uproar 
amongst REAL pharmacists was so great (they ALL used his book) that the old 
guard was promptly booted out and he was elected for the first time as President
of A.P.A.  Shunned again ten years later (again for his association with the 
"Enemies of Medicine"), the rank-and-file AGAIN re-elected him president. EIGHT
times in 45 years the attempt was made to kick him out as a member of the 
American Pharmaceutical Association...all attempts soundly failed, since he was 
the most famous supporter of the working pharmacist...a grass-roots druggist 
whose soda-fountain recipes were famous.
     The culmination of his work (in my opinion) was the Third Revision of 
"King's American Dispensatory" in 1898, 2200 pages of the best PLANT Pharmacy 
ever assembled.  For the last 20 years of his life, he expended his near-mythic 
reputation in pharmacy writing curmudgeonly emeriti-type articles in 
Pharmaceutical journals in futile attempts to draw his fellow pharmacists away 
from chemical reductionism and back into viewing plants as entities, not sources
of drug compounds. That he was twice elected president of the American 
Pharmaceutical Association is a stunning tribute to his stature, since he was an
infamous gadfly and "irregular", always proudly flaunting his lack of formal 
education, devotion to plant medicines, and Eclectic roots, mostly moribund 
issues in his later years, since "regular" medicine had clearly prevailed. This
was the equivalent of Dr. Andrew Weil being appointed Surgeon General or Adelle 
Davis being elected President of the American Medical Association.
     Radical though he was, he was still a MAN of his times, and should be 
forgiven his failure to acknowledge the existence of TWO genders in pharmacy

     He was perhaps the only true American alchemist.   Michael Moore

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
                               TABLE OF CONTENTS
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
EDITOR'S NOTE:
PREFACE.
PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION.
PREFACE TO THE THIRD REVISED EDITION. 
ELIXIRS. (history)
  ELIXIR PROPRIETATIS WITH DISTILLED VINEGAR.
  THE USES.
  AMERICAN ELIXIRS.
    "CORDIAL ELIXIR OF QUININE.
ELIXIR FORMULAE
1. ELIXIR ADJUVANS.
2. ELIXIR OF BROMIDE OF AMMONIUM.
3. ELIXIR ALOES.
4. ELIXIR OF VALERIANATE OF AMMONIUM.
    	SOLUTION OF CARMINE.
5. ELIXIR of VALERIANATE of AMMONIUM with CINCHONIDINE .
6. ELIXIR OF VALERIANATE OF AMMONIUM WITH CINCHONIDINE AND CINCHONINE.
7. ELIXIR OF VALERIANATE OF AMMONIUM WITH CINCHONIDINE, CINCHONINE, AND 
     STRYCHNINE.
8. ELIXIR OF VALERIANATE OF AMMONIUM W/CINCHONIDINE AND PYROPHOSPHATE OF 
     IRON.
9. ELIXIR OF VALERIANATE OF AMMONIUM WITH CINCHONIDINE, PYROPHOSPHATE OF 
     IRON, AND STRYCHNINE.
10. ELIXIR of VALERIANATE of AMMONIUM with CINCHONINE.
11. ELIXIR OF VALERIANATE OF AMMONIUM WITH CINCHONINE AND PYROPHOSPHATE OF IRON.
12.	ELIXIR OF VALERIANATE OF AMMONIUM WITH CINCHONINE, PYROPHOSPHATE OF IRON, 
	     AND STRYCHNINE
13. ELIXIR OF VALERIANATE OF AMMONIUM WITH CINCHONlNE AND STRYCHNINE.
14. ELIXIR OF VALERIANATE OF AMMONIUM WITH PYROPHOSPHATE OF IRON.
15. ELIXIR OF VALERIANATE OF AMMONIUM AND QUININE.
16. ELIXIR OF VALERIANATE OF AMMONIUM WITH QUININE AND CINCHONIDINE
17.	ELIXIR OF VALERIANATE OF AMMONIUM WITH QUININE, CINCHONIDINE, AND 
	     STRYCHNINE.
18.	ELIXIR OF VALERIANATE OF AMMONIUM WITH QUININE, CINCHONIDINE, 
     	PYROPHOSPHATE OF IRON, AND STRYCHNINE.
19. ELIXIR OF VALERIANATE OF AMMONIUM WITH QUININE AND CINCHONINE.
20. ELIXIR OF VALERIANATE OF AMMONIUM WITH QUININE,CINCHONINE, AND STRYCHNINE.
21. ELIXIR OF VALERIANATE OF AMMONIUM WITH QUININE AND PYROPHOSPHATE OF IRON.
22.	ELIXIR OF VALERIANATE OF AMMONIUM WITH QUININE, PYROPHOSPHATE OF IRON, AND 
	     STRYCHNINE.
23. ELIXIR OF VALERIANATE OF AMMONIUM WITH QUININE AND STRYCHNINE.
24. ELIXIR OF VALERIANATE OF AMMONIUM WITH STRYCHNINE.
25. ELIXIR OF VALERIANATE OF AMMONIUM WITH SUMBUL.
26. ELIXIR ANTIGLAIREUX.
27. ELIXIR ANTIGOUTTEUX DE VILLETTE.
28. AROMATIC ELIXIR.
29. ELIXIR OF IODIDE OF ARSENIC AND MERCURY.
30. ELIXIR OF BEEF.
31. ELIXIR OF BEEF AND CITRATE OF IRON.
32. ELIXIR OF BEEF, IRON, AND CINCHONA.
33. ELIXIR OF BLACK HAW.
ELIXIRS CONTAINING AMMONIO-CITRATE OF BISMUTH.
34. ELIXIR OF CITRATE OF AMMONIUM AND BISMUTH.
35. ELIXIR OF CITRATE OF AMMONIUM AND BISMUTH WITH PYROPHOSPHATE OF IRON.
36. ELIXIR OF CITRATE OF AMMONIUM AND BISMUTH WITH PEPSIN
37. ELIXIR OF CITRATE OF AMMONIUM AND BISMUTH WITH PEPSIN AND STRYCHNINE.
38. ELIXIR OF CITRATE OF AMMONIUM AND BISMUTH WITH STRYCHNINE.
39. BITTER ELIXIR.
40. ELIXIR OF BLACKBERRY.
41. ELIXIR OF BOLDO.
42. ELIXIR OF BRANDY.
43. ELIXIR OF BUCHU.
44. COMPOUND ELIXIR OF BUCHU.
45. ELIXIR OF BUCKTHORN.
46. ELIXIR OF CAFFEINE.
47. ELIXIR OF BROMIDE OF CALCIUM.
ELIXIR OF IODO-BROMIDE OF CALCIUM.
48. ELIXIR OF HYPOPHOSPHITE OF CALCIUM.
49. ELIXIR OF LACTOPHOSPHATE OF CALCIUM.
50. ELIXIR OF MONO-BROMATED CAMPHOR.
51. ELIXIR CAMPHOR MONO-BROMATED, COMPOUND.
52. COMPOUND CATHARTIC ELIXIR.
53. COMPOUND ELIXIR OF CELERY.
54  ELIXIR OF WILD CHERRY.
55. ELIXIR OF WILD CHERRY WITH CHLORIDE OF IRON AND CITRATE OF AMMONIUM.
56. ELIXIR OF HYDRATE OF CHLORAL.
57. ELIXIR OF CIMICIFUGA.
58. COMPOUND ELIXIR OF CIMICIFUGA.
59. CLAUDER'S ELIXIR
60. ELIXIR OF COCA.
61. ELIXIR OF COCA AND GUARANA.
62. ELIXIR OF COLUMBO.
63. ELIXIR OF COLUMBO, CITRATE OF IRON, AND RHUBARB.
64. COMPOUND ELIXIR OF CORYDALIS.
65. ELIXIR of COTO.
66. COMPOUND ELIXIR OF CHLOROFORM.
67. ELIXIR CHLOROFORMIQUE OF BOUCHUT.
68. COMPOUND ELIXIR OF CRAMP BARK.
69. ELIXIR OF CROTON.
ELIXIRS OF CALISAYA OR CINCHONA BARK AND ITS ALKALOIDS.
PREPARATIONS OF ALKALOIDS.
ALKALOID QUININE OR ALKALOID CINCHONIDINE.
70. ELIXIR OF CALISAYA (OR CINCHONA.  See No. 71).
71. ELIXIR OF CINCHONA.
72. ELIXIR OF CALISAYA ALKALOIDS.
73. DETANNATED ELIXIR OF CALISAYA BARK.
74. DESLAURIER'S ELIXIR OF CALISAYA AND COFFEE.
75. ELIXIR OF CALISAYA WITH LACTOPHOSPHATE OF LIME.
76. ELIXIR OF CALISAYA AND CHLORIDE OF IRON WITH AMMONIUM CITRATE.
77. ELIXIR OF CALISAYA, CITRATE OF IRON, AND BEEF.
78  ELIXIR OF CALISAYA AND CHLORIDE OF IRON WITH AMMONIUM CITRATE AND GENTIAN.
79  ELIXIR OF CALISAYA, CITRATE OF IRON, BEEF, AND STRYCHNINE.
80. ELIXIR OF CALISAYA BARK WITH CITRATE OF PROTOXIDE OF IRON.
81. ELIXIR OF CALISAYA BARK WITH CITRATE OF PROTOXIDE OF IRON AND STRYCHNINE.
82. ELIXIR OF CALISAYA BARK WITH PYROPHOSPHATE OF IRON.
83. ELIXIR OF CALISAYA BARK WITH PYROPHOSPHATE OF IRON AND CITRATE OF AMMONIUM
      AND BISMUTH.
84. ELIXIR Of CALISAYA BARK WITH PYROPHOSPHATE OF IRON, CITRATE OF AMMONIUM 
      AND BISMUTH, AND STRYCHNINE.
85. ELIXIR OF CALISAYA WITH PYROPHOSPHATE OF IRON AND LACTOPHOSPHATE OF CALCIUM.
86. ELIXIR OF CALISAYA BARK WITH PYROPHOSPHATE OF IRON AND PEPSIN.
87. ELIXIR OF CALISAYA BARK WITH PYROPHOSPHATE OF IRON AND STRYCHNINE.
88. ELIXIR OF CINCHONA AND HYPOPHOSPHITES.
89. DETANNATED ELIXIR OF CINCHONA.
90. ELIXIR OR CINCHONINE.
91. ELIXIR OF PHOSPHATES OF CINCHONINE AND CINCHONIDINE.
92. ELIXIR OF PHOSPHATES OF CINCHONINE AND STRYCHNINE
93. ELIXIR OF PHOSPHATE OF CINCHONIDINE.
94. ELIXIR OF PHOSPHATES OF CINCHONIDINE, CINCHONINE, AND STRYCHNINE.
95. ELIXIR OF PHOSPHATES OF CINCHONIDINE AND STRYCHNINE.
96. ELIXIR OF ACETATE OF CHINOIDINE.
97. COMPOUND ELIXIR OF CHINOIDINE.
98. ELIXIR OF BISULPHATE OF QUININE.
99. ELIXIR OF HYDROBROMATE OF QUININE.
100. ELIXIR OF PHOSPHATE OF QUININE.
101. COMPOUND ELIXIR OF QUININE.
102. ELIXIR OF PHOSPHATE OF QUININE AND CINCHONIDINE.
103. ELIXIR OF PHOSPHATE OF QUININE AND CINCHONINE.
104. ELIXIR OF PHOSPHATES OF QUININE, CINCHONIDINE, AND CINCHONINE.
105. ELIXIR OF PHOSPHATE OF QUININE WITH CITRATE OF PROTOXIDE OF IRON.
106. ELIXIR OF PHOSPHATE OF QUININE WITH CITRATE OF PROTOXIDE OF IRON AND 
     STRYCHNINE.
107. ELIXIR OF PHOSPHATE OF QUININE AND STRYCHNINE.
1O8. ELIXIR OF VALERIANATE OF QUININE.
109. ELIXIR OF VALERIANATE OF QUININE WITH STRYCHNINE.
110. ELIXIR OF COCA
111. ELIXIR OF CURAOA.
112. ELIXIR OF DANDELION.
113. COMPOUND ELIXIR OF DANDELION.
114. ELIXIR OF DANDELION WITH QUININE.
115. DAFFY'S ELIXIR.
116. ELIXIR OF DAMIANA.
117. ELIXIR DEWBERRY COMPOUND.
118. ELIXIR OF EUCALYPTUS.
119. COMPOUND ELIXIR OF EUCALYPTUS.
120. ELIXIR DE GlARUS.
121. ELIXIR OF GENTIAN.
122. COMPOUND ELIXIR OF GENTIAN.
123. ELIXIR OF WILD GINGER.
124. ELIXIR OF GLYCYRRHIZIN.
125. ELIXIR OF GLYCYRRHIZIN (AROMATIC)
126. ELIXIR OF GRINDELIA ROBUSTA.
127. ELIXIR OF GUARANA.
128. ELIXIR OF GUAIACUM.
129. ELIXIR ACIDUM HALLERI.
130. HELMONT'S ELIXIR.
131. ELIXIR OF HELONIAS.
132. HOFFMANN'S STOMACH ELIXIR.
133. ELIXIR OF HOPS.
134. ELIXIR OF HOPS AND CHIRETTA.
135. COMPOUND ELIXIR OF HOPS.
136. HUFELAND'S ELIXIR.
137. ELIXIR OF HYPOPHOSPHITES.
138. ELIXIR OF HYPOPHOSPHITES WITH IRON.
139. ELIXIR OF AMMONIO-CITRATE OF IRON.
140. ELIXIR OF IPECAC.
141. ELIXIR OF BROMIDE OF IRON.
142. ELIXIR OF CITRATE OF IRON WITH QUININE AND STRYCHNINE.
143. ELIXIR OF CITRATE OF PROTOXIDE OF IRON.
144. ELIXIR OF CITRATE AND LACTATE OF IRON.
145. ELIXIR OF CHLORIDE OF IRON WITH AMMONIUM CITRATE AND GENTIAN.
146. ELIXIR OF CHLORIDE OF IRON WITH HYDROCHLORATE OF QUININE AND 
       ARSENIOUS ACID.
147. ELIXIR OF PROTOCHLORIDE OF IRON.
148  ELIXIR OF HYPOPHOSPHITE OF IRON.
149. ELIXIR OF IODIDE OF IRON WITH IODIDE OF QUININE.
150. ELIXIR OF LACTATE OF IRON.
151. ELIXIR OF LACTATE OF IRON WITH PEPSIN. 
152. ELIXIR OF PHOSPHATE OF IRON. 
153. ELIXIR OF PHOSPHATE OF IRON WITH PHOSPHATE OF QUININE.
154. ELIXIR OF PHOSPHATE OF IRON WITH PHOSPHATE OF QUININE AND STRYCHNINE.
ELIXIRS WITH PYROPHOSPHATE OF IRON.
155. ELIXIR OF PYROPHOSPHATE OF IRON.
156. ELIXIR OF PYROPHOSPHATE OF IRON WITH BISMUTH AND PEPSIN.
157. ELIXIR OF PYROPHOSPHATE OF IRON WITH CINCHONIDINE.
158. ELIXIR OF PYROPHOSPHATE OF IRON WITH CINCHONIDINE AND STRYCHNINE
159. ELIXIR OF PYROPHOSPHATE OF IRON WITH QUININE, CINCHONIDINE, AND STRYCHNINE.
160. ELIXIR OF PYROPHOSPHATE OF IRON WITH CINCHONINE .
161. ELIXIR OF PYROPHOSPHATE OF IRON AND QUININE.
162. ELIXIR OF PYROPHOSPHATE OF IRON WITH QUININE AND CINCHONIDINE.
163. ELIXIR OF PYROPHOSPHATE OF IRON WITH QUININE AND CINCHONINE.
164. ELIXIR OF PYROPHOSPHATE OF IRON WITH QUININE, CINCHONINE, AND STRYCHNINE.
165. ELIXIR OF PYROPHOSPHATE OF IRON WITH QUININE AND STRYCHNINE.
166. ELIXIR OF PYROPHOSPHATE OF IRON WITH VALERIANATE OF QUININE AND ACETATE OF
       STRYCHNINE.
167. ELIXIR OF PYROPHOSPHATE OF IRON WITH PEPSIN
168. ELIXIR OF PYROPHOSPHATE OF IRON WITH PEPSIN, BISMUTH, AND STRYCHNINE.
169. ELIXIR OF PYROPHOSPHATE OF IRON WITH PEPSIN AND STRYCHNINE.
170. ELIXIR OF PYROPHOSPHATE OF IRON AND STRYCHNINE.
171  ELIXIR OF JUNIPER BERRIES.
172. ELIXIR OF JABORANDI.
173. KLEIN'S STOMACHIC ELIXIR.
ELIXIR LACTOPEPTIN.
174. ELIXIR OF LACTUCARIUM.
175. LAXATIVE ELIXIR.
176. LEROY'S PURGATIVE ELIXIR.
177. LEROY'S VOMITO-PURGATIVE ELIXIR.
178. LETTSOM'S ELIXIR.
179. BITTER ELIXIR OF LIFE.*
180. ELIXIR OF LACTOPHOSPHATE OF LIME.
181. ELIXIR OF LICORICE.
182. ELIXIR OF LICORICE (AROMATIC).
183. ELIXIR E SUCCO LIQUIRITAE.
184. ELIXIR OF BROMIDE OF LITHIUM.
185. ELIXIR OF CITRATE OF LITHIUM
186. ELIXIR OF SALICYLATE OF LITHIUM
187. ELIXIR OF LUPULIN.
188. ELIXIR OF MALT.
189. ELIXIR OF MALT AND IRON.
190. ELIXIR OF MALT AND PEPSIN.
191. ELIXIR OF MALTO-PEPSIN.
192. ELIXIR OF MATICO.
193. COMPOUND ELIXIR OF MATICO.
194. ELIXIR OF MAY-APPLE
195. COMPOUND ELIXIR OF MAY-APPLE
196. COMPOUND ELIXIR OF MYRRH.
197. ELIXIR OF NUX VOMICA.
198. McMUNN'S ELIXIR OF OPIUM.
199. ELIXIR OF ORANGE.
200. ELIXIR OF PANCREAS.
201. ELIXIR OF PAREIRA BRAVA.
202. ELIXIR OF PAREIRA BRAVA AND BUCHU.
203. ELIXIR PAREGORICUM.
204. PECTORAL ELIXIR OF THE EDINBURGH Pharmacopoeia, 1770.
ELIXIRS CONTAINING PEPSIN.
205. ELIXIR OF PEPSIN.
206. ELIXIR OF PEPSIN WITH CITRATE OF AMMONIUM AND BISMUTH, AND PHOSPHATE OF 
       QUININE.
207. ELIXIR OF PEPSIN AND PHOSPHATE OF CINCHONIDINE.
208. ELIXIR OF PEPSIN WITH PHOSPHATE OF CINCHONIDINE AND STRYCHNINE.
209. ELIXIR OF PEPSIN AND PHOSPHATE OF CINCHONINE.
210. ELIXIR OF PEPSIN WITH PHOSPHATE OF CINCHONINE AND STRYCHNINE.
211. ELIXIR OF PEPSIN AND IRON.
212. ELIXIR OF PHOSPHORUS
213. ELIXIR OF PEPSIN AND WAFER ASH.
214. ELIXIR OF PEPSIN AND PHOSPHATE OF QUININE.
215. ELIXIR OF PEPSIN, PHOSPHATE OF QUININE, AND STRYCHNINE.
216. ELIXIR OF PEPSIN, PHOSPHATE OF QUININE, STRYCHNINE, AND CITRATE OF 
       AMMONIUM AND BISMUTH.
217. ELIXIR OF PEPTONE.
218. ELIXIR OF PHOSPHORUS.
219. COMPOUND ELIXIR OF PHOSPHORUS.
220. ELIXIR OF PHOSPHORUS WITH QUININE AND STRYCHNINE.
221. ELIXIR OF ACETATE OF POTASSIUM.
222. ELIXIR OF ARSENITE OF POTASSIUM.
223. ELIXIR OF ACETATE OF POTASSIUM AND BUCHU.
224. ELIXIR OF BUCHU, JUNIPER, AND ACETATE OF POTASSIUM.
225. ELIXIR OF BROMIDE OF POTASSIUM
226. ELIXIR OF IODIDE OF POTASSIUM 
227. ELIXIR PROPRIETATIS.
228. ELIXIR PROPRIETATIS CUM ACIDO.
229. RADCLIFF'S PURGING ELIXIR.
230. COMPOUND ELIXIR OF RASPBERRY.
231. RED ELIXIR. (RED SIMPLE ELIXIR. )
232. COMPOUND ELIXIR OF RHAMNUS FRANGULA.
233. ELIXIR OF RHAMNUS PURSHIANA.
234. COMPOUND ELIXIR OF RHAMNUS PURSHIANA.
235. ELIXIR ROBORANS WHYTTII.
236. ELIXIR OF RHUBARB.
237. COMPOUND ELIXIR OF RHUBARB.
238. ELIXIR OF RHUBARB AND COLUMBO.
239. ELIXIR OF RHUBARB AND MAGNESIA.
240. ELIXIR OF SALICIN.
241. SACRED.ELIXIR.
242. ELIXIR OF SALICYLIC ACID.
243. ELIXIR OF SCAMMONY.
244. ELIXIR SALUTIS.
245. ELIXIR OF SENNA.
246. COMPOUND ELIXIR OF SENNA.
247. SIMPLE: ELIXIR.
248. ELIXIR OF ARSENITE OF SODIUM.
249. ELIXIR OF BROMIDE OF SODIUM.
250. ELIXIR OF HYPOPHOSPHITE OF SODIUM.
251. ELIXIR OF IODIDE OF SODIUM.
252. ELIXIR OF SALICYLATE OF SODIUM.
253  SQUIRE'S ELIXIR.
254. ST. HUBERT'S HUNTERS' ELIXIR. 
255. ELIXIR OF STILLINGIA.
256. COMPOUND ELIXIR OF STILLINGIA.
257. STOMACHIC ELIXIR.
258. STOUGHTON'S ELIXIR
269. ELIXIR OF VALERIANATE OF STRYCHNINE.
260. COMPOUND ELIXIR OF SUMBUL.
261. ELIXIR OF TAR
262. ELIXIR OF TAR COMPOUND.
263. ELIXIR OF THUJA OCCIDENTALIS.
264. ELIXIR OF VALERIAN.
265. MYNFICHT'S ELIXIR OF VITRIOL.
266. SWEET ELIXIR OF VITRIOL.
* AROMATIC TINCTURE.
**DULCIFIED SPIRIT OF VITRIOL.
267. VIGANI'S VOLATILE ELIXIR OF VITRIOL.
268. ELIXIR OF WAHOO.
269. ELIXIR OF YERBA SANTA.
270. COMPOUND ELIXIR OF YERBA SANTA.
271. ELIXIR OF VALERIANATE OF ZINC.

PART SECOND.
    FLAVORING EXTRACTS, ESSENCES, FLAVORED SYRUPS, 
    COLORING LIQUIDS, AND OTHER SODA-WATER APPLIANCES.
INTRODUCTION
SODA-WATER APPLIANCES.
FLAVORING EXTRACTS.
FRUIT ESSENCES.
S-1.  FLAVORING EXTRACT OF ALLSPICE.
S-2.  FLAVORING EXTRACT OF ALMONDS (PEACH).
S-3.  FLAVORING EXTRACT OF BANANA.
S-4.  FLAVORING EXTRACT OF BLACK PEPPER.
S-5.  FLAVORING EXTRACT OF CAPSICUM.
S-6   FLAVORING EXTRACT OF CELERY.
S-7.  FLAVORING EXTRACT OF CHOCOLATE.
S-8.  FLAVORING EXTRACT OF CLOVES.
S-9.  FLAVORING EXTRACT OF CINNAMON
S-10. FLAVORING EXTRACT OF COFFEE.
S-11. FLAVORING EXTRACT OF GINGER.
S-12. FLAVORING EXTRACT OF GINGER (SOLUBLE).
FLAVORING EXTRACTS OF LEMON.
S-13. FLAVORING EXTRACT OF LEMON, GOOD (FROM THE OIL).
S-14. FLAVORING; EXTRACT OF LEMON, CHEAP (FROM THE OIL) .
S-15. FLAVORING EXTRACT OF LEMON, CHEAP (FROM THE OIL).
S-16. FLAVORING EXTRACT OF LEMON.
S-17. FLAVORING EXTRACT OF LEMON (STRENGTHENED). 
S-18. FLAVORING EXTRACT OF NECTAR.
S-19. FLAVORING EXTRACT OF NECTARINE.
S-20. FLAVORING EXTRACT OF NUTMEG.
FLAVORING EXTRACTS OF ORANGE.
S-21. FLAVORING EXTRACT OF ORANGE (GOOD).
S-22. FLAVORING EXTRACT OF ORANGE (CHEAP).
S-23. FLAVORING EXTRACT OF ORANGE (CHEAP).
S-24. FLAVORING EXTRACT OF ORANGE (CHEAP).
FLAVORING EXTRACTS OF PINEAPPLE.
S-25. FLAVORING EXTRACT OF PINEAPPLE (STRONG).
S-26. FLAVORING EXTRACT OF PINEAPPLE (MODIFIED).
S-27. FLAVORING EXTRACT OF PINEAPPLE (CHEAP).
S-28. FLAVORING EXTRACT OF RASPBERRY.
FLAVORING EXTRACTS OF ROSE.
S-29. FLAVORING EXTRACT OF ROSE (BEST).
S-30. FLAVORING EXTRACT OF ROSE (CHEAP).
S-31. FLAVORING EXTRACT OF SARSAPARILLA.
S-32. FLAVORING EXTRACT OF STRAWBERRY.
FLAVORING EXTRACTS OF VANILLA.
S-33. FLAVORING VANILLA EXTRACT (FINE).
S-34. FLAVORING VANILLA EXTRACT (CHEAP).
S-35. FLAVORING VANILLA EXTRACT (CHEAP).
S-36. FLAVORING VANILLA EXTRACT (CHEAP). 
S-37. FLAVORING EXTRACT OF WINTERGREEN.
SODA-WATER SYRUPS.
S-38. SIMPLE SYRUP (SODA SYRUP).
S-39. SYRUP OF ALMOND OR PEACH.
S-40. CHOCOLATE SYRUP.
S-41. SYRUP OF COFFEE.
S-42. SYRUP OF COFFEE.
S-43. SYRUP OF GINGER.
S-44. SYRUP OF GINGER.
S-45. SYRUP OF LEMON.
S-46. SYRUP OF NECTARINE.
S-47. SYRUP OF ORANGE.
S-48. SYRUP OF BLOOD ORANGE.
S-49. SYRUP OF PINE:APPLE.
S-50. SYRUP OF RASPBERRY.
S-51. SYRUP OF ROSE.
S-52. SYRUP OF SARSAPARILLA.
S-53. SYRUP OF STRAWBERRY.
S-54. SYRUP OF VANILLA.
CREAM SYRUPS.
S-55. CREAM SYRUP (ORANGE CREAM).
S-56. NECTAR SYRUP (NECTAR CREAM).
FRUIT SYRUPS.
S-57. BLACKBERRY (FRUIT) SYRUP.
S-58. RASPBERRY (FRUIT) SYRUP.
S-59. STRAWBERRY (FRUIT) SYRUP.
S-60. CHERRY (FRUIT) SYRUP.
S-61. GRAPE (FRUIT) SYRUP.
S-61. PINEAPPLE (FRUIT) SYRUP.
S-63. QUINCE (FRUIT) SYRUP.
WINE SYRUPS.
"TONIC" SYRUPS.
S-64. SOLUTION OF COCHINEAL (CARMINE).
S-65. CURCUMA  [TURMERIC]  (YELLOW).
S-66. CARAMEL  [BURNT SUGAR]  (BROWN).
FROTHING LIQUIDS.
S-67.
S-68.
S-69.
S-70.  TINCTURE OF SOAP BARK (QUILLAYA).
FANCIFUL TITLES.
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////


///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
                                   PREFACE.
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

     WERE pharmacists united in opposition to elixirs, and sufficiently 
independent to warrant them in saying that they are unnecessary preparations, 
and that they would not manufacture or dispense them; or could pharmacists so 
influence and control physicians as to positively prevent them from prescribing 
elixirs; or were the past numbers of all our pharmaceutical journals possessed 
by, or readily accessible to, each and every pharmacist in the country there 
would then be no necessity for, nor utility in, the publication of a work upon 
elixirs and the methods of preparing them.  At the present time there 
undoubtedly exists a demand for this class of preparations, and, in order to 
improve, as well as retain, their legitimate trade, our pharmacists are, in a 
measure, compelled to dispense them, as they do not desire to displease their 
medical patrons by any indications of what might be considered as offensive 
dictation.  Such being the case, and as a large number of the pharmacists of 
this country are not possessors of the past numbers of pharmaceutical journals, 
we have been induced to prepare this little work.
     In presenting these formulae, the result of years of actual laboratory 
experience, and the careful study of the back numbers of all our pharmaceutical 
journals, we cannot doubt that they will be valuable to pharmacists, and that 
the investment will quickly return to each purchaser more than the outlay for 
the book.
     Upon this question of elixirs we find our American pharmacists greatly 
divided: some decidedly object to them, no matter under what considerations or 
circumstances, and obstinately refuse to listen to a favorable word for any one 
of them; others uphold that carefully prepared elixirs, in which the 
disagreeableness and offensiveness of certain drugs entering into their 
composition are more or less masked, are to be commended.  Not infrequently the 
opponents of elixirs are quite violent in their denunciation of them, and more 
especially as being of too complex a character; and yet these very objectors 
will favor other mixtures and preparations that are still more complex, and 
fully as unscientific as the majority of compound elixirs.  On the other hand, 
the advocates of elixirs frequently associate incompatibles in their 
preparations, thereby rendering them valueless.  By this course they weaken the 
cause they are endeavoring to sustain, as the articles they present to the 
public prove to be unreliable.  In our opinion, there is an intermedium, a 
conservative position, between those who unreservedly condemn and those who 
indiscriminately recommend, and it will be found that there are many excellent 
pharmacists occupying this position who argue that, with judgment in selection 
and skill in manipulation, a line of elixirs may be produced that will favorably
compare with the products of other sections of pharmacy, and that in their 
preparation as much science and competency may be displayed as in making other 
classes of pharmaceuticals.
     In the present work we have endeavored to point out defects, as well as 
incompatible combinations; and though at first glance the impression may be 
conveyed that we entertain a positive hostility to elixirs, yet, as it must be 
admitted by every one that there is considerable room for friendly pruning, we 
trust that our remarks will be received in the same kind spirit as that in which
they are made, and that we will not be reproached for being unnecessarily 
censorious. And notwithstanding that our criticisms may appear to be severe, we 
believe them to be fair and unprejudiced, and of such a character that both the 
advocate and the opponent of " American Elixirs " may derive both satisfaction 
and benefit from their perusal.
     J. U. L. 

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
                         PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION.
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

     WITHIN three months from the appearance of the first edition of this book,
the publishers have notified us that a second is demanded. This encourages us 
to believe that our work is not wholly unappreciated.  We issued the first 
edition with misgivings.  We feared that the class of preparations embraced 
under the name elixir would not prove sufficiently interesting and valuable to 
warrant the publication of a work devoted exclusively to this subject.  Then, 
too, various problems arose when we attempted to untangle the intricate elixir 
history, to reconcile incompatibles, to criticize judiciously, and to prevent 
our prejudices from occasionally influencing our remarks. These and other points
rendered our labor by no means pleasant.  However, the favor with which the 
first edition has been received, and the many words of approval regarding it, 
lead us to believe that our labor has not been lost.  We cordially invite 
pharmacists to notify us of any troublesome formula in this book, to correspond 
with us concerning elixirs in local use, if omitted by it, and to advise us of 
any historical oversight.
     J. U. L. 

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
                   PREFACE TO THE THIRD REVISED EDITION. 
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

    As two former revisions of this little work have each been honored with a 
call for several editions, and as there is at the same time a palpable decrease 
in the sale of trade elixirs, there seems to be ample room for the conclusion 
that preparations of this class are passing from the hands of manufacturing 
chemists into those of the pharmacists themselves.  This fact, notwithstanding 
an admitted decrease in the consumption of elixirs, will suffice to account for 
a third revision.     The addition of about thirty new formulae brings the total 
of the present edition to two hundred and seventy one; and, with the benefit of 
experience, many of the older formulae have been modified and improved.  Thanks 
to the cordial interest with which it has been favored by the profession, and 
friendly correspondence received from many of its members, we are enabled to 
present with each revision many valuable alterations in the processes.  We 
desire at once to thank them heartily, and to beg them to show a continued 
interest in the same friendly way. 
     J. U. L.     CINCINNATI, November 10th, 1891.

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
                                  ELIXIRS.
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

     THROUGH the courtesy of Dr. Charles Rice, to whom application was made by 
the author for notes on the derivation of the word "elixir," we are enabled to 
present his reply verbatim, and in addition presume to say a few words 
concerning the "elixir" of the past and of the present which may interest the 
reader: 

     DEAR FRIEND:In reply to your inquiry concerning the etymology of the word
 " elixir," I would say that the word is proximately derived from the Arabic [],
being composed of the article [] (al or el) and [] . 
     The latter is an arabicized form of the Greek word [] (xirion, the [] [] 
being pronounced like ee). This derivation was first recognized and announced by
Fleischer in 1839, but it seems to have been overlooked by later writers.  
Hermann Kopp, the historian of chemistry, in his "Beitrage zur Geschichte der 
Chemie" (1869, p.209), quotes a number of passages from later Greek authors and 
from writers of the alchemistic school, in which he shows that the Greek [] and
the Arabic [] are identical in signification, but he fails to notice their 
etymological identity.  The Arabs cannot pronounce an initial [] (x) without 
placing an auxiliary or supporting vowel in front of the double consonant, thus 
making [].  This peculiarity of avoiding an initial double consonant (sc, sp, 
etc.) occurs also in other languages, for instance in Spanish, where we have 
espera, escila, espiritu, etc.
     The word [], in medical works, means any "dry powder" (from [], dry), such
as is used for dusting wounds. In alchemy it was used to denote the magical 
transformation powder so much sought after, a pinch of which would convert a 
whole mass of base metal into gold.  Iksr, in this sense, is identical with 
another interesting Arabic term, viz., [] from which our word chemi-stry is 
derived, but which is itself derived from the Greek).  This was also applied to 
a concrete thing, namely, the substance supposed to be capable of making gold.  
For instance, we meet such expressions as [],"the making of the kimiya," and [],
" the making of the iksr," both meaning the same thing.
     In later, technical language, "Elixir" was used to denote various 
preparations more or less alchemistic.  It was, for instance, synonymous with 
"Liquid Tincture," the first step in the preparation of the philosopher's stone;
and there was a white and a red elixir distinguished.  Or, it designated any 
compound preparation of supposed " sublime " properties, reputed to prolong 
life and to ward off disease.
            Sincerely yours, CHARLES RICE.
     By referring to the letter of Dr. Rice it will be seen that at an early 
period the term elixir designated "the magical transformation powder so much 
sought after, a pinch of which would convert a whole mass of base metal into 
gold."  Afterward the word was used " to denote various preparations more or 
less alchemistic," and it is to be presumed that curious or potent liquids were 
gradually introduced and included among powders.  Finally, the word elixir was 
applied only to liquids, but these, like the original magical powder, were 
supposed to possess the power of transmuting base metals into noble metals.
     Dr. Rice states that particular emphasis was once placed on a white and a 
red elixir.  From a curious little work in our possession, bearing date 1682, 
we present, for the reader's inspection, a facsimile of the processes 
recommended for making these preparations; and that the quaint formulae may be 
rendered more intelligible, we give a facsimile of a table which explains the 
characters employed in the book, as follows: 

                   [a 2-page facsimile]

An Explanation of Characters used in this Book.

                   [a 1-page facsimile]

     It will be observed that the white elixir, "Elixir Album," can only 
produce silver, while the red elixir, "Elixir Rubrum," will transmute mercury 
into pure gold.  We call attention to the red powder which is formed near the 
completion of the process in making elixir rubrum, and which is used to prepare 
the magical "oyl," and to the assertion that this same red powder "cureth most 
diseases in man's body." Here we have an approach to the elixir of life (elixir 
vitae) of the alchemists, together with the properties ascribed to the 
philosopher's stone.  In this connection, a quotation from the writings of that 
celebrated author of the eighteenth century, Boerhaave, is of interest 
concerning the elixir vitae, which, in Boerhaave's language, was "one of the 
chief things which the alchemists promise."  Their aim was to "discover an 
artificial body of such virtue and efficacy, as that being applied to any body 
of any of the three kingdoms, it shall improve its natural inherent virtues, so 
as to make it the most perfect thing in its kind.  Thus, for instance, if 
applied to the human body, it will be come an universal medicine, and make such 
a change, both in the solid and fluid parts thereof, as shall render it 
perfectly sound, and even maintain it in that state, until the parts being 
slowly worn away and spent, death gently and without a struggle takes 
possession."
     We find, therefore, that the alchemists, by the term elixir, intended to 
designate substances which could either convert base metals into gold or silver,
or could prolong life and heal the sick, or embody both properties; and also, 
that this substance might be either a liquid or a solid.  We do not generally 
accredit the alchemists with a desire to heal diseases after the manner of 
physicians of the present day, and doubtless the majority searched only for 
riches.  However, while they mostly desired gold and silver, they realized that 
the use of only an ordinary amount could be enjoyed in the usual lifetime 
allotted to man.  Again, many of these infatuated men were on the brink of the 
grave when their hopes seemed most likely to be realized, and of vital 
importance would be the possession of a substance which could prolong life.  
Hence we find that some of them were searching directly for gold, or the 
philosopher's stone by means of which all base metal could be changed into gold,
while others desired most the elixir of life, "elixir vitae." which could extend
life and change old age into youth.  Indeed, as incentives to their labors were 
the assertions that these wonderful elixirs had been discovered by others, and 
we quote from "The Birth of Chemistry" that "S. Thomas Aquinas was, like his 
master (Albertus Magnus), a magician.  We are told that between them they 
constructed a brazen statue, which Albertus animated with his elixir vitae."
     Culi asserted that "he converted fifty thousand pounds weight of base 
metals into gold," and is said to have furnished his king with six millions of 
money.  Paracelsus (born 1493, died 1541) is generally accredited with 
instituting a new era in the study, for he was prominent in showing that 
alchemy, which flourished in his day, and of which he was a zealous student, 
could be of value to physicians, and that the knowledge derived from their 
investigations could be turned to advantage in the treatment of disease.  Like 
the old alchemists, however, Paracelsus surrounded his process with mysterious 
expressions, and disjointed them until they were incomprehensible.
     He originated the "Elixir Proprietatis," stating that it was so potent as 
"to continue health and long life to the utmost possible limits" (Boerhaave).  
This wonderful elixir was concocted by cumbersome processes from such simples as
saffron, aloes, and myrrh; and notwithstanding Paracelsus claimed that by using
the vaunted elixir proprietatis "he should live as long as Methuselah," he died
a broken wreck in his forty-seventh year.  We find that this elixir, which is a
record of Paracelsus' egotism, has been recognized in our dispensatories and in
the older pharmacopoeias, with more or less alteration, even to the present day.
Boerhaave gave five different processes for making it, each of which produced,
in his opinion, a most potent remedy.  As a curiosity, and to illustrate the 
wonderful properties attributed to these concoctions in those days, and to the 
virtues of which even such a chemist as Boerhaave could certify, we reproduce 
from his "Elementa Chemiae," which was published in 1724, the formula and uses 
of his 

ELIXIR PROPRIETATIS WITH DISTILLED VINEGAR.

     "Take choice aloes, saffron, and myrrh, of each half an ounce, cut and 
bruise them, put them into a tall bolt-head, pour twenty times their own weight 
of the strongest distilled vinegar thereon, let them simmer together in our 
little wooden furnace for twelve hours: now suffer the whole to rest, that the 
faeces may subside, and gently strain off the pure liquor through a thin linen; 
put half the quantity of distilled vinegar to the remainder, boil and proceed as
before, and throw away the faeces.  Mix the two tinctures together, and distil 
with a gentle fire till the whole is thickened to a third; keep the vinegar 
that comes over for the same use; and what remains behind is the Elixir 
Proprietatis, made with distilled vinegar. 

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
     THE USES.
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

     "Thus we obtain an acid, aromatic medicine, of great use in the practice 
of physic; for when externally applied, it cleanses and heals putrid, sinuous, 
and fistulous old ulcers, defends the parts from  putrefaction, and preserves 
them by a true embalming virtue; it also heals ulcers, and cures gangrenes in 
the lips, tongue, palate, and jaws.  It has the same effects in the first 
passages, when used internally, as often as putrefied matter, corrupted bile, 
concreted phlegm, worms, and numberless distempers proceeding from these four 
causes, are lodged or seated therein.  Again, it has nearly the same effects in 
the blood and viscera, as may easily appear from knowing the virtues of the 
three ingredients when dissolved in a subtile vinegar.  It is to be taken in a 
morning upon an empty stomach, at least twelve hours after eating; it is given 
from a drachm to two or three for a dose in sweet wine or mead, or the like, 
walking after it, or having the belly gently rubbed. If taken in a larger dose, 
and with a somewhat cooler regimen, it always purges; if in a less dose, and 
often repeated, it cleanses the blood by secreting thick urine; and generally 
performs both these operations successively.  But if taken plentifully, while 
the patient is in bed and the body well covered, it acts as an excellent 
sudorific; and afterward usually purges, and proves diuretic, and thus becomes 
very useful; whence I conceive that this is the best acid elixir proprietatis, 
good in numerous cases, and at the same time safe.
     "Paracelsus declared that an elixir made of aloes, saffron, and myrrh 
would prove a vivifying and preserving balsam, able to continue health and long 
life to the utmost possible limits; and hence he calls it by a lofty title 'the 
elixir of propriety' to man, but concealed the preparation, in which Helmont 
asserts the alcahest is required." 

     Through the eighteenth century elixirs were numerous, and although their 
former alchemistic properties were cast aside, physicians seemed to attribute 
to them virtues scarcely less than those ascribed to the famous elixir vitae.  
They were also surrounded with mysteries, and their compositions were most 
carefully concealed.  Prominent physicians individualized themselves by 
attaching their names to tinctures of herbs extracted with spirit of wine or 
with acid solutions, and these names have been handed down to us and are still 
in use.  It must not be inferred, however, that these men gave their treasures 
openly to competitors, for we find that great care was employed to cover their 
processes and to conceal the constituents of these compounds, and at the present
day we find it difficult to decide as to the authenticity of such as Daffey's 
Elixir, Helmont's Elixir, Mynsicht's Elixir, Vigani's Elixir, etc., etc.  
Indeed, many of the old works give several formulae for preparing a single 
elixir, and often all the processes were impracticable.  Thus we find that with 
each revision of the older pharmacopoeias and dispensatories these formulae have 
been altered and simplified, and as the outcome we refer to some of our well 
known tinctures, which have sprung from and are  modifications of ancient 
elixirs: 

      ELIXIR SALUTIS gave us Compound Tincture of Senna.
      ELIXIR PAREGORICUM gave us Camphorated Tincture of Opium.
      ELIXIR PROPRIETATIS gave us Compound Tincture of Aloes.
      ELIXIR STOMACHICUM gave us Compound Tincture of Gentian.
      ELIXIR SACRUM gave us Tincture of Rhubarb and Aloes. 

     With one exception the name elixir has become obsolete with the foregoing 
tinctures, and that one, paregoric, will doubtless, in a moderate period of 
time, exist as a relic of history.
     The elixir of the period we have just considered was in reality a compound
tincture, or a modification of what we call a compound tincture.  Hooper's 
Medical Dictionary of 1820 defines the elixir as "a term formerly applied to 
many preparations similar to compound tinctures."  We find, also, that the old 
elixirs were disagreeable and bitter.  There was no desire to render them 
pleasant; indeed, the aim seemed to be the concoction of mixtures as nauseating 
as possible, and the physician who could produce the nastiest, and which were 
followed by the most severe torture to the patient, seemed the best man.  His 
motto might well have been
     "I puke. I purge, I sweat 'em,
       And if they die, I let 'em."

     In connection with this phase of the elixir question, we find that of the 
elixirs named in the "New Dispensatory," London, 1770, but one contained sugar 
or any form of sweetening.  This view of the elixir is still prevalent in 
Europe, and the German Pharmacopoeia of 1879 recognized twelve preparations under 
the name of elixir, none of which were sweetened.  The idea accepted in our 
country at the present time regarding what should be the attributes of an elixir 
is strictly an Americanism.  The term Cordial would better define the sweetened 
and flavored pharmaceuticals which we shall now consider historically as 

AMERICAN ELIXIRS.

     One of the popular elixirs of the present day is advertised to have been 
introduced in the year 1830.  Our respected friend Mr. Chas. A. Heinisth writes 
us as follows:
     "I send you a copy of an old label for a 'Cordial Elixir of Quinine' my 
father formerly made.  This label I remember appeared old when I first worked in 
the store in 1838.  How long it had been used is more than I can say or 
remember.  This Cordial Elixir of Calisaya was composed of quinine, cloves, 
cinnamon, bitter orange peel, capsicum, sugar, and dilute alcohol."
     Mr. Heinisth enclosed us a copy of the original label, taken from one of 
the bottles which was in the cellar of the store in 1838.  We take the liberty 
to reproduce it, and our readers will note that it closely resembles the elixir 
labels of the present day: 

"CORDIAL ELIXIR OF QUININE.

     "This excellent preparation is particularly recommended to persons of 
delicate habit and weak stomach.  It increases the appetite, facilitates 
digestion, and is well adapted to all persons living in low and marshy 
countries, where ague and fever prevail, and also for those who are exposed to 
damp and wet weather.  It is taken with success by persons weakened by fever and 
ague, or by a copious perspiration produced by the heat of summer.  Persons 
recovering from bilious fever should use it freely, to prevent a relapse.  From 
half a wineglass to a wineglassful is to be taken once or twice a day, as 
occasion may require.
     "Prepared and sold by John T. Heinisth, Druggist, East King St., 
Lancaster, Pa."
 
     The first of these trade preparations which the writer can recall was 
thrown upon the market in this city (Cincinnati) about 1863, under the name 
"Sim's Cordial Elixir of Calisaya."

     It was of a beautiful red color, nicely flavored, and very pleasant to the 
taste, and it was the forerunner, or at least among the first, of the line of 
pharmaceuticals subsequently scattered so abundantly over our country.  
Afterward the "Elixir of Calisaya and Pyrophosphate of Iron" appeared, and then 
"Calisaya, Pyrophosphate of Iron, and Strychnine."  Soon traveling agents for 
pharmaceutical houses began to court physicians and so licit them to specify 
particular brands when prescribing, thus necessitating duplicates upon the 
apothecaries' shelves of the same preparation, and about the year 1874 the 
elixir mania was at its height.  The burden thus thrown upon our pharmacists was 
considerablemore in the aggregate than most of us can realize.  Elixirs of the 
same name, and which should have been identical, were duplicated, or multiplied, 
in the same store, and each differed in appearance and flavor from all the 
others.  If a prescription was filled with an elixir of calisaya prepared by one 
maker, it could not be refilled with that of another, since such a course would 
render it liable to be returned by the purchaser as a different medicine from 
that obtained at first.  Physician of the highest reputation were accustomed to 
specify the brand of elixir desired, and the writer can remember that time and 
again he has hurried to distant portions of the city searching for an elixir of 
a particular make and which was not in stock, although several substitutes for 
what should have been the same preparation were on the shelves.  In addition to 
the above-named aggravation, combinations, or rather associations, of substances 
incompatible under all ordinary conditions were advertised under the name 
elixir, and substances perfectly insoluble in the menstruum employed were 
represented as being dissolved; and to add to these questionable features, 
quinine and combinations of quinine were asserted to be in a soluble form and 
nearly tasteless.  It is needless to consider this phase of the subject longer, 
for all are familiar with the result.  The burden was too great; elixirs as a 
class were severely criticized, and many pharmacists and physicians included 
those which were worthy among those which were indifferent and bad.  The 
reaction which followed was disastrous to the interests of the men who 
unintentionally brought it about (elixir manufacturers), for physicians largely 
ceased ordering elixirs of special make, and pharmacists threw their influences 
against the preparations compounded by manufacturers of these specialties. The 
writer aims simply to give a brief synopsis of the history of the class of 
pharmaceuticals under consideration, and does not wish to argue in favor or 
against them; and the elixir of the present day has been reached.
     Throughout this country the preparation of elixirs is gradually passing 
from a few wholesale manufacturers into the hands of the many pharmacists.  
Quantities of elixirs are prescribed, but their preparation has extended over 
the entire country instead of being confined to a few localities.  Physicians 
have their favorite elixirs and prescribe them, but these elixirs must, as a 
rule, be unquestionable.  In many instances, however, incompatibles are 
undoubtedly brought together at the expense of the final product, drugs 
insoluble in the menstruum are supposed to be represented by the resultant 
elixir, and tedious, round about methods are employed where simple, direct 
processes can be substituted.  Before considering elixirs individually, it is 
but just to review their history during the past twenty years, for many 
pharmacists have not the necessary works at their command, and reference is 
constantly made to the action of the societies which considered them and the men 
who early made them a study.
     The Committee on Unofficinal Preparations appointed by the American 
Pharmaceutical Association in 1870, was Professor J. Faris Moore, M.D., who 
included in his report to the Society (1871) a series of elixirs, and this was 
the first general recognition these preparations received from that body.  In 
the year following the appointment of the committee (1871), Mr. Ottmar Eberbach 
read a volunteer paper before the Society at its meeting in Cleveland. Ohio, in 
which he gave the result of his analysis of several commercial elixirs.  The 
paper provoked considerable discussion, and resulted in the following: 

     "Resolved, That a committee of five be appointed by the President to take 
into consideration the subject of elixirs and similar unofficinal preparations 
in all its bearings upon pharmacy, and, if deemed proper, to report suitable 
formulae for the guidance of the members of this Association." 

     In 1872 Professor C. Lewis Diehl contributed an interesting paper on the 
elixir subject.  It was read before the Louisville College of Pharmacy, and 
afterward published by the pharmaceutical journals, and by this means several 
admirable formulae were introduced.  Many of these processes are still used and 
accepted as standard, being preferred by pharmacists to those afterward offered 
as improvements.  Next (1873) the committee appointed by the American 
Pharmaceutical Association made a minority report (including many formulae), 
which was that of the chairman of the committee, Mr. J. F. Hancock, and which, 
after some discussion, was adopted, and the following resolutions were offered 
by Professor J. M. Maisch: 

     "Resolved, That the report be adopted, with the recommendation that these 
formulae be used by the members of the Association, and that the Secretary be 
instructed to send a printed copy with the report to the medical societies of 
the United States, with the suggestion that physicians, if prescribing elixirs 
at all, prescribe only such formulae as have been adopted by this Association.  
The object is to attain, as nearly as possible, a uniformity in the United 
States." 
     "Resolved, That Mr. J. F. Hancock be appointed the Committee on 
unofficinal Formulas."

     At the meeting of the Society which followed, in Louisville, Ky.. 1874, 
the Committee on Unofficinal Formulae failed to introduce elixirs.  However, Mr. 
Ebert, of Chicago, presented a series of elixir formulae, based upon those of 
Professor C. Lewis Diehl, and prepared by a committee under the supervision of 
the Chicago College of Pharmacy, and suggested that they be revised or adopted 
by the Society 
for general use. After an animated discussion, Mr. Peixotto offered a 
resolution, which, amended by Mr. Roberts, was adopted, as follows: 

     "Resolved, That a committee of three be appointed, to whom shall be 
referred the formulae of elixirs presented by the Chicago College of Pharmacy, 
said committee to examine the formulae and carefully compare them with the 
formulae adopted at the last annual meeting, or which may be submitted to them, 
to modify any or all formulae if necessary, and to report to the next meeting."

     At the next meeting, 1875, the committee reported a number of formulae, 
some differing from those previously adopted by the Society, others new.  Since 
that time many formulae have been introduced through the "Report on the Progress 
of Pharmacy," which is the portion of the Proceedings of the American 
Pharmaceutical Association devoted to a review of the advance of pharmacy during 
the year, but there has been no other official consideration of these 
preparations.
     In reviewing the work to which we have referred, we shall simply say that 
in many instances experience has demonstrated that there are defects in the 
formulae which may be overcome.  It was not to be expected that the work of 
these committees could be perfect, and while from necessity we often deviate in 
manipulation from the formulae offered by the committees, we feel that, inasmuch 
as the proportions of the medicinal ingredients are retained by us, our formulae 
may be considered as answering the requirements of the American Pharmaceutical 
Association.  Twenty, nineteen, and sixteen years have passed since these 
committees successively reported, fully the time required between two revisions 
of our Pharmacopoeia, and doubtless the members of the committees have 
individually revised many of their processes, profiting by these years of 
experience and by the criticisms of others.  In connection with the elixir 
question and the American Pharmaceutical Association, we must not overlook the 
valuable paper presented by Mr. R. W. Gardner at the meeting in Saratoga, 1880, 
and which embraces more formulae than had elsewhere, to our knowledge, been 
compiled at that time, and to which we often refer in the work which follows.  
We must not overlook the series of formulae adopted by the Newark Pharmaceutical 
Association in 1876, and those adopted by the Associated Committees of the 
National College of Pharmacy and the Medical Society of the District of 
Columbia.  The formulae recommended by both of these bodies were published in 
the various pharmaceutical journals and served a good purpose.
     Lastly (1884), the "New York and Brooklyn Formulary" appeared and 
presented an excellent (though limited in number) line of elixir formulae, which 
work being adopted by the American Pharmaceutical Association, Pittsburgh, l885, 
and enlarged under the title "National Formulary " (1888), is now the most 
complete authoritative treatise on elixirs.  In this edition of our work we have 
made the proportions of the drug ingredients conform to those of that 
publication for such elixirs as are common to both.  We will add that the 
"National Formulary" should be in the hands of every pharmacist.
     Compound elixirs have now multiplied until their number is such as to be 
burdensome.  The problem regarding proportion of ingredients was one that early 
commanded our attention, and which we endeavored to systematize, in the absence 
of authority, so as to conform, if possible, to some general rule.  The 
necessity for some such action may be illustrated as follows:
     Elixir of phosphate of quinine contains one grain of quinine in each 
fluidrachm.
     Elixir of pyrophosphate of iron contains two grains of pyrophosphate of 
iron in each fluidrachm.
     What shall be the proportion of phosphate of quinine and of pyrophosphate 
of iron in each fluidrachm of elixir of phosphate of quinine and pyrophosphate 
of iron?   Again,
     Elixir of phosphate of quinine contains one grain of quinine in each 
fluidrachm.
     Elixir of phosphate of cinchonidine contains one grain of cinchonidine in 
each fluidrachm.
     Elixir of phosphate of cinchonine contains two grains of cinchonine in 
each fluidrachm.
     What shall be the proportion of the several ingredients in the elixir of 
phosphate of quinine, cinchonidine, and cinchonine ?
     If each fluidrachm of this last elixir contains the amount of each 
ingredient which is present in the same amount of the simple elixir of that 
substance, we will have four grains of the combined alkaloids, an unreasonable 
quantity for a preparation of the character of an elixir.
     In consequence of examples similar to those above named, and which 
demanded some regular plan of procedure, if such could be devised, we have for 
many years attempted to systematize the matter, and our efforts have met with 
some success.  In making compound elixirs, where it was possible, we have 
represented in each fluidrachm the aggregate amount of alkaloids which would be 
present were the several elixirs mixed together in equal quantities.  We believe 
that, as a rule, under the conditions which confront us in the problem of 
compound elixirs, physicians desire the associated action of smaller amounts of 
the several ingredients rather than the full dose of each.  It is true that, for 
obvious reasons, this rule cannot always be upheld, but where it has been 
practicable we have endeavored to carry it out.
     The proportion of strychnine in the elixirs of commerce has never been 
uniform, and even the men who seem to have made elixir formulae a special 
consideration vary one from another.  Some use one grain of strychnine to 
sixteen fluidounces of the finished elixir, which is the one-hundred and-twenty-
eighth part of a grain to each fluidrachm, while others use severally one-
hundredth, one-sixtieth, and one-fifty-first of a grain.  Strychnine is far too 
violent and poisonous a substance for such a range of proportions, and in our 
opinion it is to be regretted that, even though  ignoring elixirs as a class, 
our Committee upon Revision of the Pharmacopoeia did not authorize some 
proportion which pharmacists could adopt in order to further a uniformity in 
these preparations.
     Since the foregoing was written the National Formulary has authorized the 
making of elixirs containing strychnine compounds in which one and one-quarter 
grains of strychnine or of the strychnine salt are used in preparing sixteen 
fluidounces of the elixir. Thus the authoritative proportion of strychnine has 
been accepted approximately as the one-hundredth part of a grain to each 
fluidrachm. In accordance therewith, in the body of the present edition of our 
work on elixirs, the strychnine proportions in these elixirs are made to conform 
to that strength.
     In making solutions of strychnine we usually convert it into a soluble 
salt by means of acetic acid.  This forms a combination which in our experience 
is best for associating strychnine with the entire list of substances which are 
used to form the compound elixirs containing that alkaloid.  In some instances 
the elixir in which the strychnine is to be placed has an alkaline reaction and 
may decompose the salt; yet as the elixir contains some alcohol, and besides has 
as a menstruum a solvent action different from that of water, it does not 
necessarily follow that precipitation of the alkaloid will result.  However, it 
is well to be cautious, and should a white, flocculent precipitate occur in 
elixirs containing strychnine and which are alkaline in reaction, this 
precipitate should be considered as dangerous and care exercised in dispensing 
the elixir.
     In all the formulae where it is practicable we have introduced fluid 
extracts instead of crude drugs.  This we consider advantageous for several 
reasons, and fluid extracts may now be readily obtained to represent nearly 
every plant used in medicine.  In many instances we object to certain drugs 
under any consideration as the foundation of an elixir, and we have not 
hesitated to criticize freely where the medicinal principles of the drug cannot 
in our opinion be extracted or held in solution by the elixir.  However, if the 
menstruum precipitates these principles from the fluid extract, it will probably 
refuse to extract them from the crude drug, so that little if any advantage will 
accrue in this direction from the use of the crude material.  We vary from the 
methods employed by the committee appointed by the American Pharmaceutical 
Association regarding the manner of mixing a tincture or fluid extract with the 
menstruum.  If they are mixed directly together, precipitation results 
immediately of much of such substances as are insoluble in the resultant 
menstruum.  This produces a preparation which pharmacists and physicians refuse 
to accept as an elixir.  True it is that these substances may be inert and that 
filtration will separate them; yet the nature of the case is such that 
filtration is only of temporary benefit, and even after several filtrations the 
precipitation continues.  This trouble may be overcome to a great extent by 
following the old process for making medicated waters, that is, by triturating 
the fluid extract or tincture with magnesium carbonate, or with some other inert 
powder if this substance is inadmissible, after which the simple elixir is added 
and the mixture filtered.  By this process the insoluble materials are separated 
at once, which is preferable to having the precipitation extend over days and 
weeks.  Besides, the surface exposure caused by the trituration of the fluid 
extract with the magnesium carbonate may favor the saturation of the menstruum 
in the manner it does with essential oils under the same conditions.
     We have adopted a simple elixir which practically agrees with that of our 
Pharmacopoeia (1883), although the method of manipulation differs somewhat.  We 
object to elixirs which contain cinnamon, caraway, coriander, cardamom, or 
cloves (unless used as aromatic elixirs), for many persons are prejudiced 
against certain of these substances, and it is not unusual to meet persons with 
whom the flavor of one of the foregoing is unbearable.  The simple elixir 
should, in our opinion, be as nearly as possible pleasant to the majority of 
persons, and we have no record of an objection to the flavor of lemon or of 
orange, separate or combined.  Our formula for simple elixir, therefore, 
associates these substances in such proportion as to produce a very acceptable 
and grateful combination, the orange preponderating.
     When we consider that in the pages which follow we find processes for 
making 271 different elixirs, we are confronted with the fact that these elixirs 
alone would fill the shelves of an ordinary storeroom.  The problem to be 
considered by pharmacists is that of finding the most convenient method which 
will enable them to dispense these combinations in a creditable manner without 
overstocking their shelves.  This has been and is a consideration of pressing 
importance to the writer, and the trouble has been overcome, to a very great 
extent, by adopting a system which would permit the preparation of compound 
elixirs from those more simple, and in studying how to make the different 
elixirs from compatible ingredients.  In many instances this is impossible 
without injury to the product, and yet, in the large majority of cases, 
pharmacists are able to extemporize and supply most demands from their stock of 
standard elixirs, which are those in most common use.
     Some elixirs may be called permanent, but this term cannot be applied to 
the larger number.  Associations of the alkaloids in acid solution only, or 
elixir of pyrophosphate of iron in alkaline solution, or others under certain 
conditions, might possibly be claimed as fairly permanent.  However, the elixir 
of pyrophosphate of iron will decompose if exposed to the sunlight or even 
strongly diffused daylight, and it may gelatinize after a time if of acid 
reaction, while alterations will follow with the solutions of the alkaloids.  
Few organic bodies are permanent in solutions containing far more alcohol than 
is permissible with the modern elixir, and in consequence many elixirs will 
alter in appearance, or even precipitate, if they contain the substances which 
are supposed to be present.
     In reviewing the formulae which follow, the reader may criticize the 
number of different elixirs presented.  This, we admit, is a fault, but one 
beyond our control, and some of the elixirs are seldom used, some are simply 
curiosities.  This country is large, however, and if the reader will regard a 
certain preparation as one which should have been omitted, he may be surprised 
to learn that in other localities it is very much in demand.  Time and again we 
have been surprised on learning of the local consumption of substances we 
scarcely thought commanded a sale, and, upon the other hand, we have excited 
comment over certain preparations scarcely known to others and yet made by us in 
quantities.  In connection with this phase of the subject, we feel that our 
position is not that of a judgea position occupied by certain committeesbut 
that, as our subject is "elixirs," it is our duty to consider them as a body.
     We desire to call attention to the fact that it was our first intention to 
give the several processes and criticisms which have been made regarding each 
elixir introduced during the past twenty years. This proved to be impracticable, 
and we were forced to draw the line sharply.  If the reader will select as an 
example any one of the prominent elixirs, and hunt up the reviews, different 
formulae, etc., regarding it which have appeared in the various pharmaceutical 
journals and the Proceedings of the American Pharmaceutical Association during 
that period, he will doubtless be astonished at the magnitude of the matter; and 
when it is remembered that recent years have given us several new and worthy 
pharmaceutical journals, and that elixirs are more or less considered by all of 
them, it will be seen that to give an intelligent and faithful resume in a work 
like ours would be impracticable.
     Our aim has been to credit those who introduced special combinations and 
the journals whose pages we consulted to find their records, and yet it is 
likely that unintentional oversights and errors have been made.
     In conclusion, we may say that we trust pharmacists will find our formulae 
to present some advantages over a line of compilations, for they are not simply 
abstracts from the work that others have done. 

ELIXIR FORMULAE

1. ELIXIR ADJUVANS.

     Fluid extract of orange peel,           1/2 fluidounces
     Fluid extract of coriander,           1/4 fluidounces
     Fluid extract of caraway,           1/4 fluidounces
     Fluid extract of wild-cherry bark,     1 fluidounces
     Fluid extract of licorice root,     1  1/2 fluidounces.
     Simple elixir,               14 fluidounces
     Alcohol,                 1/2 fluidounces.
     Carbonate of magnesium,          a sufficient quantity.

     Mix the fluid extracts and evaporate them to one-half of their bulk, at a 
temperature not exceeding 150 F.  Triturate the remaining liquid in a capacious 
mortar with carbonate of magnesium in amount sufficient to form a creamy 
mixture, then gradually add the simple elixir, stirring well, and filter.  
Lastly, mix the filtrate with the alcohol. The ingredients for this elixir were 
named in the Druggists' Circular, 1879.
     The National Formulary presents a process for making this preparation in 
which the crude drugs are percolated and the elixir prepared from the percolate.

2. ELIXIR OF BROMIDE OF AMMONIUM.

     Bromide of ammonium,     640 grains.
     Simple elixir,          15 1/2 fluidounces.

     Dissolve the bromide of ammonium in the simple elixir, and filter if 
necessary.
     Each teaspoonful of the finished elixir contains five grains of bromide of 
ammonium.
     The National Formulary directs the addition of thirty grains of citric 
acid to sixteen fluidounces of this elixir. 

3.  ELIXIR ALOES.
(COMPOUND TINCTURE OF ALOES.)

     Aloes,     3 troy ounces
     Saffron     3 troy ounces
     Tincture myrrh,     2 pints.

     Reduce the drugs to a coarse powder and macerate in the alcohol for 
fourteen days, stirring the mixture thoroughly each day; then filter.
     ("The New Dispensatory," London, 1770.)

4.  ELIXIR OF VALERIANATE OF AMMONIUM.

     Valerianate of ammonium          256 grains. 
     Simple elixir, ammonia water, carmine solution, 
     of each a sufficient quantity.

     Dissolve the valerianate of ammonium in twelve fluid ounces of simple 
elixir, and bring this to the measure of sixteen fluidounces by the addition of 
a sufficient amount of simple elixir. Then cautiously add ammonia water until in 
slight excess, and color with solution of carmine until decidedly red.  Each 
fluidrachm (teaspoonful) of the finished elixir represents two grains of 
valerianate of ammonium, the same as that adopted by the American Pharmaceutical 
Association, 1873.
     Valerianate of ammonium, especially if the valerianic acid is in excess, 
has, to most persons, a very offensive odor.  This the addition of the ammonia 
water tends to subdue, but wherever valerianate of ammonium is free, or in 
aqueous solution, the odor will remain.  If dissolved in officinal alcohol, 
however, it is scarcely apparent, but such a solution will not conform to our 
modern "elixir."  The addition of water to the alcoholic solution revives the 
odor.
     The history of this elixir is of interest, since it was among the first of 
the popular elixirs introduced, and has retained its prestige to the present 
day.  In an essay by Mr. Trovillo H. K. Enos, read before the Maryland College 
of Pharmacy, 1861, the statement is made that "a preparation known as Pierlot's 
solution of valerianate of ammonium has long been used among physicians in 
Philadelphia; but the disagreeable taste and odor of the solution having been 
found objectionable to patients, the pharmacists have been led to suggest some 
mode of disguising both, and presenting the preparation in an agreeable form for 
administration, without materially altering its effect; and the form of an 
elixir has been adopted." Mr. Enos then gave his formula, which was as follows: 

     Valerianic acid,     .     1 fluidrachm.
     Simple syrup,          1 fluidounces.
     Extract of sweet orange peel,     2 fluidrachms.
     Alcohol,          1 fluidounces.
     Orange-flower water,          1/2 fluidounces.
     Distilled water, carbonate of ammonium, 
           of each a sufficient quantity.

     Dilute the valerianic acid with one-half fluidounces of water, and 
neutralize it with the carbonate of ammonium, add the alcohol, having previously 
mixed it with the fluid extract of orange peel, and then add the other 
ingredients and filter.
     In 1863 Mr. Joseph Roberts accepted a query in the American Pharmaceutical 
Association, reading as follows: "What is the best formula for Elixir of 
Valerianate of Ammonium which shall be nearly free from valerianic odor, and 
elegantly aromatized ?"  Having failed to reply, in 1865 Mr. J. Faris Moore gave 
a formula to the Society which in substance agreed with that of Mr. Enos, the 
principle being the formation of valerianate of ammonium from valerianic acid, 
by saturating it with carbonate of ammonium.  At this day valerianate of 
ammonium is employed instead of the valerianic acid. 

     SOLUTION OF CARMINE.This preparation has been used some twelve years by 
the writer, in preference to any "tincture" of cochineal. The fat in cochineal 
causes such preparations to putrefy in warm weather; and to extract the fat by 
means of ether from the powdered cochineal, previous to tincturing, is expensive 
and tedious. The term "tincture of cochineal" is scarcely appropriate as applied 
to the aqueous solutions made of cochineal, cream of tartar, and alum, and, as
the object is simply to secure a coloring matter, the term might with equal 
propriety be applied to our solution of carmine, made as follows: 
     Carmine, No. 40,               60 grains. 
     Distilled water, glycerin, of each,     4 fluidounces.
     Ammonia water,               a sufficient quantity.

     Powder the carmine and triturate with the water, gradually adding ammonia 
water until the carmine disappears and a dark-red liquid, free from insoluble 
matter, remains.  To this add the glycerin, and mix.  Should this solution ever 
become murky, a little ammonia water will restore its transparency.
     Solution of carmine is necessarily alkaline, and cannot be employed to 
color acid liquids.  For all neutral or alkaline solutions it is admirable, and
for soda-water syrups is far preferable to aniline red. 

5. ELIXIR of VALERIANATE of AMMONIUM with CINCHONIDINE .
 (ELIXIR OF VALERIANATE OF AMMONIA WITH CINCHONIDIA.)

     Cinchonidine (alkaloid),           128 grains.
     Elixir of valerianate of ammonium,
            acetic acid,          of each a sufficient quantity.

     Triturate the cinchonidine in a mortar with acetic acid in amount 
sufficient to effect its solution, and add to this liquid elixir of valerianate 
of ammonium until the product measures sixteen fluidounces.  If not of acid 
reaction, add cautiously acetic acid until it will redden blue litmus paper, and
filter if necessary.
     (All of the combinations of valerianate of ammonium and the alkaloids in 
elixir form should have an acid reaction. It is, therefore, to be understood, 
with the formulae of this character which follow, that in case the elixir is 
alkaline it must be acidulated with acetic acid.)
     Each fluidrachm (teaspoonful) of the finished elixir contains two grains 
of valerianate of ammonium, and one grain of cinchonidine as the acetate of 
that alkaloid. 

6. ELIXIR OF VALERIANATE OF AMMONIUM WITH CINCHONIDINE AND CINCHONINE.
(ELIXIR OF VALERIANATE OF AMMONIA WITH CINCHONIDIA AND CINCHONIA.)

     Elixir of valerianate of ammonium 
          with cinchonidine,           8 fluidounces.
     Elixir of valerianate of ammonium
         with cinchonine,           8 fluidounces.
     Mix them together.

      Each fluidrachm (teaspoonful) of the finished elixir contains two grains 
of valerianate of ammonium, and a half grain each of cinchonidine and 
cinchonine as acetates of these alkaloids. 

7.  ELIXIR OF VALERIANATE OF AMMONIUM W/CINCHONIDINE,CINCHONINE AND STRYCHNINE.
(ELIXIR OF VALERIANATE OF AMMONIA WITH CINCHONIDIA, CINCHONIA, AND STRYCHNIA. )

     Elixir of valerianate of ammonium
       with cinchonidine,          8 fluidounces.
     Elixir of valerianate of ammonium
       with cinchonine,          8 fluidounces.
     Strychnine,               1 1/4 grains.
     Acetic acid,               a sufficient quantity.

     Triturate the strychnine in a mortar with acetic acid in amount sufficient
to effect its solution, and add the elixirs, having previously mixed them 
together.  Filter if necessary.
     Each fluidrachm (teaspoonful) of the finished elixir contains two grains 
of valerianate of ammonium, one-half grain each of cinchonidine and cinchonine, 
and one hundredth grain of strychnine. The alkaloids are in form of acetates. 

8.  ELIXIR OF VALERIANATE OF AMMONIUM W/CINCHONIDINE AND PYROPHOSPHATE OF IRON.
(ELIXIR OF VALERIANATE OF AMMONIA WITH CINCHONIDIA AND IRON.)

     Elixir of valerianate of ammonium
         with cinchonidine,     .     8 fluidounces.
     Elixir of valerianate of ammonium
         with pyrophosphate of iron,     8 fluidounces.

     Mix them together.
     Each fluidrachm (teaspoonful) of the finished elixir contains two grains 
of valerianate of ammonium, one grain of pyrophosphate of iron, and one-half 
grain of cinchonidine, the latter in the form of an acetate.
     CAUTION.Excess of acid will cause the pyrophosphate of iron to 
gelatinize.  Excess of alkali precipitates the cinchonidine.  The elixir should 
be made as nearly neutral as possible, and remain transparent, by the use of 
acetic acid and ammonia water, as indicated by litmus paper.

9.  ELIXIR OF VALERIANATE OF AMMONIUM WITH CINCHONIDINE, PYROPHOSPHATE OF IRON, 
       AND STRYCHNINE.
(ELIXIR of VALERIANATE of AMMONIA, CINCHONIDIA, IRON, AND STRYCHNIA )

     Elixir of valerianate of ammonium
        with cinchonidine,           8 fluidounces.
     Elixir of valerianate of ammonium
        with pyrophosphate of iron,     8 fluidounces.
     Strychnine,               1 1/4 grains.
     Acetic acid,               a sufficient quantity.

     Triturate the strychnine in a mortar with acetic acid in amount sufficient
to effect its solution, and add this to the elixirs, having previously mixed 
them together. Use precautions suggested with elixir of valerianate of ammonium 
with cinchonidine and pyrophosphate of iron.
     Each fluidrachm (teaspoonful) of the finished elixir contains two grains 
of valerianate of ammonium, one-half grain of pyrophosphate of iron, one-half 
grain of cinchonidine, and one-hundredth grain of strychnine.  The alkaloids 
exist as acetates.

10.  ELIXIR of VALERIANATE of AMMONIUM with CINCHONINE.
 (ELIXIR OF VALERIANATE OF AMMONIA WITH CINCHONIA.)

     Cinchonine (alkaloid),           128 grains.
     Elixir of valerianate of Ammonium
          diluted acetic acid,           of each a sufficient quantity.

     Triturate the cinchonine in a mortar with the acetic acid in amount 
sufficient to effect its solution, and mix with this elixir of valerianate of 
ammonium until the product measures sixteen fluidounces.  If not of acid 
reaction, add cautiously acetic acid until it will redden litmus paper, and 
filter if necessary.
     Each fluidrachm (teaspoonful) of the finished elixir contains two grains 
of valerianate of ammonium, and one grain of cinchonine as the acetate of that 
alkaloid.

11. ELIXIR OF VALERIANATE OF AMMONIUM WITH CINCHONINE AND PYROPHOSPHATE OF IRON.
 (ELIXIR OF VALERIANATE OF AMMONIA, CINCHONIA, AND IRON.)

     Elixir of valerianate of ammonium with
        cinchonine,                8 fluidounces
     Elixir of valerianate of ammonium with
        pyrophosphate of iron,          8 fluidounces

   Mix them together. Use precautions suggested with elixir of valerianate of 
ammonium with cinchonidine and pyrophosphate of iron.
     Each fluidrachm (teaspoonful) of the finished elixir contains two grains 
of valerianate of ammonium, one grain of pyrophosphate of iron, and one-half 
grain of cinchonine as the acetate of that alkaloid.

12.  ELIXIR OF VALERIANATE OF AMMONIUM W/CINCHONINE, PYROPHOSPHATE OF IRON, 
     AND STRYCHNINE
(ELIXIR OF VALERIANATE OF AMMONIA, ClNCHONIA, IRON, AND STRYCHNIA.)

     Elixir of valerianate of ammo      nium with cinchonine 
        and pyrophosphate of iron,          16 fluidounces.
     Strychnine,               1 1/4 grains.
     Acetic acid,               a sufficient quantity.

     Triturate the strychnine in a mortar with acetic acid in amount sufficient
 to effect its solution, and then add the elixir of valerianate of ammonium with
 cinchonine and pyrophosphate of iron.  Observe precautions suggested with 
elixir of valerianate of ammonium with cinchonidine and pyrophosphate of iron.
     Each fluidrachm (teaspoonful) of the finished elixir contains two grains 
of valerianate of ammonium, one grain of pyrophosphate of iron, one-half grain 
of cinchonine, and one-hundredth of a grain of strychnine.  The alkaloids exist 
as acetates.  This preparation should be as nearly neutral in reaction as it is 
possible to make it.

13.  ELIXIR OF VALERIANATE OF AMMONIUM WITH CINCHONlNE AND STRYCHNINE.
(ELIXIR OF VALERIANATE OF AMMONIA, CINCHONIA, AND STRYCHNIA.)

     Elixir of valerianate of ammo-
        nium with cinchonine,          16 fluidounces.
     Strychnine,                1 1/4 grains.
     Acetic acid,               a sufficient quantity.

     Triturate the strychnine in a mortar with acetic acid in sufficient amount
 to effect its solution, then add the elixir of valerianate of ammonium with 
cinchonine, and filter if necessary.  If not of acid reaction, acidulate 
slightly with acetic acid.
     Each fluidrachm (teaspoonful) of the finished elixir contains two grains 
of valerianate of ammonium, one grain of cinchonine, and one-hundredth of a 
grain of strychnine as the acetate of that alkaloid.

14.  ELIXIR OF VALERIANATE OF AMMONIUM WITH PYROPHOSPHATE OF IRON.
 (ELIXIR OF VALERIANATE OF AMMONIA AND IRON.)

     Elixir of valerianate of ammonium,     8 fluidounces.
         "     pyrophosphate of iron,      8 fluidounces.
     Mix them together.

     Each fluidrachm (teaspoonful) of the finished elixir contains one grain
each of valerianate of ammonium and of pyrophosphate of iron.  It should have a 
slightly alkaline reaction.

15. ELIXIR OF VALERIANATE OF AMMONIUM AND QUININE.

     Quinine (alkaloid),          32 grains.
     Elixir of valerianate of ammonium,
           diluted acetic acid,          of each a sufficient quantity.

     Triturate the quinine in a mortar with a sufficient amount of the acetic 
acid to effect its solution, then mix the liquid with enough elixir of 
valerianate of ammonium to produce sixteen fluidounces.  If not of acid 
reaction, add acetic acid until it will change the color of blue litmus paper to
 red.
     Each fluidrachm (teaspoonful) of the finished elixir contains two grains 
of valerianate of ammonium, and one-fourth grain of quinine as the acetate of 
that alkaloid.
     The National Formulary directs that thirty-two grains of hydrochlorate of 
quinine be dissolved in sixteen fluidounces of elixir of valerianate of 
ammonium.  Thus each fluidrachm contains one-fourth grain of hydrochlorate of 
quinine.  In former editions of our work we directed that one hundred and 
twenty-eight grains of quinine be used in making sixteen fluidounces in this 
elixir, but in the present edition, recognizing the authority of the National 
Formulary, have adopted the foregoing strength.

16.  ELIXIR OF VALERIANATE OF AMMONIUM WITH QUININE AND CINCHONIDINE
(ELIXIR OF VALERIANATE OF AMMONIA WITH QUINIA AND CINCHONIDIA.)

     Elixir of valerianate of ammonium
        and quinine,               8 fluidounces.
     Elixir of valerianate of ammonium
        and cinchonidine,          8 fluidounces.

     Mix them together.

     Each fluidrachm (teaspoonful) of the finished elixir contains two grains 
of valerianate of ammonium, one-half grain of cinchonidine, and one-eighth grain
 of quinine, as acetates of these alkaloids.

17. ELIXIR OF VALERIANATE OF AMMONIUM W/QUININE, CINCHONIDINE, AND STRYCHNINE.
(ELIXIR OF VALERIANATE OF AMMONIA, QUINIA, CINCHONIDIA, AND STRYCHNIA.)

     Strychnine,               1 1/4 grains.
     Elixir of valerianate of ammo-
        nium with quinine and cinchonidine,     16 fluidounces.
     Acetic acid,               a sufficient quantity.

     Triturate the strychnine in a mortar with acetic acid in sufficient amount
 to effect its solution, then mix with the elixir of valerianate of ammonium 
with quinine and cinchonidine.
     Each fluidrachm (teaspoonful) of the finished elixir contains two grains 
of valerianate of ammonium, one-half grain of cincho-nidine, one-eighth grain of
 quinine, and one-hundredth of a grain of strychnine.  The alkaloids are in the 
form of acetates.

18. ELIXIR OF VALERIANATE OF AMMONIUM WITH QUININE, CINCHONIDINE, 
     PYROPHOSPHATE OF IRON, AND STRYCHNINE.
(ELIXIR OF VALERIANATE OF AMMONIA, QUINIA, CINCHONIDIA, IRON, AND STRYCHNIA. )

     Elixir of valerianate of ammonium
        with quinine and pyrophosphate
        of iron,               8 fluidounces.
     Elixir of valerianate of ammonium
        with cinchonidine and pyro-
        phosphate of iron,          8 fluidounces.
     Strychnine,               1 1/4 grains.

     Triturate the strychnine in a mortar with acetic acid in sufficient 
quantity to effect its solution, and add this to the elixirs, having previously 
mixed them together; and filter if necessary.
     Each fluidrachm (teaspoonful) of the finished elixir contains two grains 
of valerianate of ammonium, one-fourth grain of cincho-nidine, one-eighth grain 
of quinine, one grain of pyrophosphate of iron, and one-hundredth grain of 
strychnine.  The alkaloids exist as acetates.  This elixir should be as nearly 
neutral as it is possible to make it.

19.  ELIXIR OF VALERIANATE OF AMMONIUM WITH QUININE AND CINCHONINE.
(ELIXIR OF VALERIANATE OF AMMONIA WITH QUINIA AND CINCHONIA.)

     Elixir of valerianate of ammonium
        and quinine,               8 fluidounces.
     Elixir of valerianate of ammonium
        with cinchonine,          8 fluidounces.
     Mix them together.

     Each fluidrachm (teaspoonful) of the finished elixir contains two grains 
of valerianate of ammonium, one-half grain of cinchonine, and one-eighth grain 
of quinine, as acetates of these alkaloids.

20.  ELIXIR OF VALERIANATE OF AMMONIUM WITH QUININE,CINCHONINE, AND STRYCHNINE.
(ELIXIR OF VALERIANATE OF AMMONIA, QUINIA, AND STRYCHNIA.)

     Elixir of valerianate of ammonium
     with quinine and cinchonine,          16 fluidounces.
     Strychnine,               1 1/4 grains.
     Acetic acid,               a sufficient quantity.

     Triturate the strychnine in a mortar with acetic acid in amount sufficient
 to effect its solution, and add this to the elixir of valerianate of ammonium 
with quinine and cinchonine.
     Each fluidrachm (teaspoonful) of the finished elixir contains two grains 
of valerianate of ammonium, one-eighth grain of quinine, one-half grain of 
cinchonine, and one-hundredth of a grain of strychnine.  The alkaloids exist as 
acetates.

21.  ELIXIR OF VALERIANATE OF AMMONIUM WITH QUININE AND PYROPHOSPHATE OF IRON.
(ELIXIR OF VALERIANATE OF AMMONIA WITH QUINIA AND IRON. )

     Elixir of valerianate of ammonium
        with quinine,               8 fluidounces.
     Elixir of valerianate of ammonium
        with pyrophosphate of iron,     8 fluidounces.
     Mix them together.

     Each fluidrachm (teaspoonful) of the finished elixir contains two grains 
of valerianate of ammonium, one-half grain of pyro-phosphate of iron, and one 
eighth grain of quinine.  Observe the precautions suggested with elixir of 
valerianate of ammonium with cinchonidine and pyrophosphate of iron.

22.  ELIXIR OF VALERIANATE OF AMMONIUM WITH QUININE, PYROPHOSPHATE OF IRON, AND 
     STRYCHNINE.
(ELIXIR OF VALERIANATE OF AMMONIA, QUINIA, IRON, AND STRYCHNIA.)

     Elixir of valerianate of ammonium  with quinine 
        and pyrophosphate of iron,          16 fluidounces.
     Strychnine,                1 1/4 grains.
     Acetic acid,               a sufficient quantity.

     Triturate the strychnine in a mortar with acetic acid in amount sufficient
 to effect its solution, and mix this liquid with the elixir of valerianate of 
ammonium with quinine and pyrophosphate of iron, and filter if necessary.
     Each fluidrachm (teaspoonful) of the finished elixir contains two grains 
of valerianate of ammonium, one-half grain of pyrophosphate of iron, one-eighth 
grain of quinine, and one-hundredth of a grain of strychnine, the alkaloids 
being in the form of acetates.  Observe the precautions suggested with elixir of
 valerianate of ammonium with cinchonidine and pyrophosphate of iron.

23.  ELIXIR OF VALERIANATE OF AMMONIUM WITH QUININE AND STRYCHNINE.

     Elixir of valerianate of ammonium
        and quinine,          16 fluidounces.
     Strychnine,          2 1/2 grains.
     Acetic acid.          a sufficient quantity.

     Triturate the strychnine in a mortar with acetic acid in amount sufficient
 to effect its solution, and mix this liquid with the elixir of valerianate of 
ammonium.
     Each fluidrachm (teaspoonful) of the finished elixir contains two grains 
of valerianate of ammonium, one-fourth grain of quinine, and one-fiftieth of a 
grain of strychnine as an acetate of that alkaloid.

24.  ELIXIR OF VALERIANATE OF AMMONIUM WITH STRYCHNINE.

     Elixir of valerianate of ammonium,     16 fluidounces.
     Strychnine,               1 1/4 grains.
     Acetic acid.               a sufficient quantity.
     Triturate the strychnine in a mortar with acetic acid in sufficient amount
 to effect its solution, and mix this with the elixir of valerianate of 
ammonium.  If not of acid reaction, add enough acetic acid to change blue litmus
 paper to red.
     Each fluidrachm (teaspoonful) of the finished elixir contains two grains 
of valerianate of ammonium, and one-hundredth of a grain of strychnine as an 
acetate of that alkaloid.

25. ELIXIR OF VALERIANATE OF AMMONIUM WITH SUMBUL.
(ELIXIR OF VALERIANATE OF AMMONIA WITH MUSK ROOT.)

     Fluid extract of sumbul,          2 fluidounces.
     Elixir of valerianate of ammonium,      14 fluidounces
     Carbonate of magnesium,          a sufficient quantity.

     Triturate the fluid extract of sumbul in a capacious mortar with carbonate
 of magnesium in amount sufficient to form a creamy mixture, then gradually add 
the elixir of valerianate of ammonium, stirring well, and filter.
     Each fluidrachm of the finished elixir represents two grains of 
valerianate of ammonium. and according to this formula each fluidrachm should 
contain the active principles of seven and one-half minims of fluid extract of 
sumbul.  But, as a matter of fact, that amount will not dissolve in that 
quantity of the menstruum, the excess remaining in the filter paper.

26.  ELIXIR ANTIGLAIREUX.
(ELIXIR FOR GLENORRHEA.  LAVOLLEY'S PURGATIVE ELIXIR. 
TINCTURA PURGGAS.  TINCTURA JALAPAE COMPOSITAS.)

     Jalap,     .     8 troyounces.
     Turpeth root,          1 troyounce.
     Scammony,          2 troyounces.
     Diluted alcohol,          96 fluidounces.

     Mix the drugs and reduce them to a coarse powder, and macerate this in the
 diluted alcohol for ten days, stirring the mixture thoroughly each day; then 
filter.
(American Journal of Pharmacy, 1881.)

27. ELIXIR ANTIGOUTTEUX DE VILLETTE.
(DE VILLETTE'S GOUT ELIXIR.)

     Brown cinchona bark,      25 troyounces.
     Poppy petals,           12 1/2 troyounces.
     Sassafras bark,           6 1/4 troyounces.
     Guaiac resin,           12 1/2 troyounces.
     Jamaica rum,           62 1/2 pints.
     Syrup of sarsaparilla,      39 pints

     Mix the drugs and reduce them to a coarse powder, and macerate in the 
previously mixed Jamaica rum and syrup of sarsaparilla for fourteen days, 
stirring the mixture thoroughly each day; then filter.
(HAGER.See New Remedies, 1878.)

28.  AROMATIC ELIXIR.

     Fluidextract of sweet orange peel,     1/2 fluidounces.
     Fluidextract of coriander seed,.......... 1/4 fluidounces.
     Fluidextract of angelica seed,     1/4 fluidounces.
     Simple elixir,               16 fluidounces.
     Carmine color, carbonate of magnesium,     of each a sufficient quantity.

     Mix the fluid extracts and triturate them in a capacious mortar with 
carbonate of magnesium in amount sufficient to form a creamy mixture, then 
gradually add the simple elixir, stirring well, and filter. Lastly, add solution
 of carmine, enough to give a nice red color.
     This elixir is used as a flavor, and may be used instead of simple elixir 
if desired, as it is acceptable to many persons.  The Newark Pharmaceutical 
Association (1871) recommended a formula on which the above is based.
     The National Formulary commends a formula in which aromatic spirits is the
 base, practically as follows:
     Aromatic spirits,          16 fluidounces.
     Syrup and water, of each,      24 troyounces
     Purified talcum,          1 troyounce.

     Mix the aromatic spirits with the syrup, then add the water and the 
purified talcum.  Shake well together and agitate occasionally for several days.
Finally filter the mixture.  This elixir is of the same strength as that 
recommended by the National Formulary.

29.  ELIXIR OF IODIDE OF ARSENIC AND MERCURY.

     Solution of iodide of arsenic and mer-
        cury (Donovan's solution),          256 minims.
     Simple elixir,               a sufficient quantity.

     Mix the solution of iodide of arsenic and mercury with enough simple 
elixir to produce sixteen fluidounces.
     Each fluidrachm of the finished elixir contains two minims of solution of 
iodide of arsenic and mercury.  Dose, one fluidrachm (teaspoonful), increased 
carefully to two or three fluidrachms, if necessary.

30.  ELIXIR OF BEEF.

     Extract of beef,          256 grains.
     Simple elixir,          15 fluidounces.
     Distilled water,           1/2 fluidounces.

     Triturate the extract of beef with the water, then gradually add the 
simple elixir, and filter.
     Each fluidrachm (teaspoonful) of the finished elixir contains two grains 
of extract of beef.  This formula was based on one given in the Druggists' 
Circular, l878.

31. ELIXIR OF BEEF AND CITRATE OF IRON.
(ELIXIR OF BEEF AND IRON.)

     Elixir of beef,          16 fluidounces.
     Water,           1/2 fluidounces.
     Citrate of iron and ammonium,....128 grains.
     Dissolve the citrate of iron in the water, add the elixir of beef, and 
filter if necessary.
     Each fluidrachm (teaspoonful) of the finished elixir contains two grains 
of extract of beef and one grain of citrate of iron.
     This preparation is far from permanent. It deposits a precipitate by age, 
which evidently results from the reaction between the chloride of sodium, 
present in large amount in the beef extract, and the citrate of iron.  The 
substitution; of chloride of iron for the citrate might prove advantageous. but 
the demand is for an elixir of beef with citrate of iron.

32.  ELIXIR OF BEEF, IRON, AND CINCHONA.

     Elixir of beef with citrate of iron,     8 fluidounces.
     Elixir of cinchona (alkaloidal),..........8 fluidounces.

     Mix them together.
     Each fluidrachm (teaspoonful) of the finished elixir contains one grain of
extract of beef and represents two grains of officinal calisaya bark.

33.  ELIXIR OF BLACK HAW.
(ELIXIR OF VIBURNUM PRUNIFOLIUM.)

     Fluid extract of viburnum pruni-
        folium,               2 fluidounces.
     Compound tincture of cardamom,     l fluidounces.
     Simple elixir,               13 fluidounces.

     Mix the liquids, allow them to stand a few days, and filter.  Each 
fluidrachm represents about seven and one-half grains of black haw.

ELIXIRS CONTAINING AMMONIO-CITRATE OF BISMUTH.

     Ammonio-citrate of bismuth is not always entirely soluble in water, owing 
to the fact that it parts with ammonia and assumes a partially insoluble 
condition.  It is well, therefore, to remember that a little ammonia water will 
facilitate the complete solution of ammonio-citrate of bismuth, unless the 
decomposition has proceeded beyond a certain limit.
     In consideration of the above fact, elixirs containing excess of acids are
incompatible with it, and the same is true of solutions of salts of the mineral
acids.  However, excess of acetic acid does not decompose it immediately, and 
salts of acetic acid are compatible with solutions of ammonio-citrate of 
bismuth, which is one reason why in elixir formulae we use acetic acid in making
solutions of alkaloids.
     If an elixir containing ammonio-citrate of bismuth in connection with 
pepsin is not alkaline in reaction, or at least neutral, decomposition of the 
salt results, followed by precipitation.  If it is alkaline, destruction of the 
pepsin follows.
     If an elixir containing ammonio-citrate of bismuth and salts of the 
alkaloids is alkaline, the alkaloids are likely to precipitate; and if acid, 
precipitation results from decomposition of the bismuth salt. These
incompatibles can only be associated by carefully avoiding any considerable 
excess of either acid or alkali.  The alkali to be used in order to effect 
neutralization is ammonia water, and the acid, acetic acid.
     We call attention occasionally to the above facts, in connection with 
special combinations which we are forced to consider, and we trust that the 
repetition will be excused, as we prefer to repeat rather than omit a word of 
warning where it may be necessary.

34.  ELIXIR OF CITRATE OF AMMONIUM AND BISMUTH.
(ELIXIR OF AMMONIO-CITRATE OF BISMUTH. ELIXIR OF BlSMUTH.)

     Ammonio-citrate of bismuth,          256 grains.
     Simple elixir, ammonia water,        of each a sufficient quantity.

     Dissolve the ammonio-citrate of bismuth in twelve fluid-ounces of simple 
elixir, adding cautiously enough ammonia water to render the solution slightly 
alkaline, then bring to the measure of sixteen fluidounces by the addition of a 
sufficient quantity of simple elixir.
     Each fluidrachm (teaspoonful) of the finished elixir represents two grains
of ammonio citrate of bismuth, and is the same in strength as that adopted by 
the American Pharmaceutical Association, 1875. During warm weather the ammonia 
escapes to a greater or less extent from solutions of ammonio-citrate of 
bismuth; hence the addition of the ammonia water in order to insure a perfect 
solution.  Should this elixir become cloudy from escape of ammonia, the addition
of a little ammonia water will restore its transparency.  It is incompatible 
with acids and salts of the mineral acids.  The first formula brought to our 
attention, for an elixir of bismuth, was by Mr. Wm. C. Bakes in the American 
Journal of Pharmacy, 1867.

35. ELIXIR OF CITRATE OF AMMONIUM AND BISMUTH WITH PYROPHOSPHATE OF IRON.
(ELIXIR OF AMMONIO-CITRATE OF BISMUTH AND PYROPHOSPHATE OF IRON.)
(ELIXIR OF BISMUTH AND IRON.)
(ELIXIR OF BISMUTH FERRATED.) 
(ELIXIR OF IRON AND BISMUTH.)

     Elixir of citrate of ammonium and
        bismuth,               8 fluidounces.
     Elixir of pyrophosphate of iron,.     8 fluidounces.

     Mix them together.
     Each teaspoonful of the finished elixir contains one grain each of 
ammonio-citrate of bismuth and of pyrophosphate of iron.  This elixir should 
have an alkaline reaction.
.
36.  ELIXIR OF CITRATE OF AMMONIUM AND BISMUTH WITH PEPSIN
(ELIXIR OF AMMONIO-CITRATE OF BISMUTH AND PEPSIN.)
(ELIXIR OF BISMUTH AND PEPSIN.)  
(ELIXIR OF PEPSIN AND BISMUTH.)

     Elixir of citrate of ammonium and
        bismuth,          8 fluidounces.
     Elixir of pepsin,          8 fluidounces.
     Mix them together, and if of acid reaction, cautiously add ammonia water 
until it is neutral or slightly alkaline.
     Each fluidrachm (teaspoonful) of the finished elixir contains one grain 
each of pepsin and citrate of ammonium and bismuth.
     This preparation, we believe, is indebted for its value to the bismuth 
salt and alcohol.  We doubt if the pepsin retains any of its digestive power, 
and in connection with the subject we direct attention to our remarks concerning
pepsin.

37.  ELIXIR OF CITRATE OF AMMONIUM AND BISMUTH WITH PEPSIN AND STRYCHNINE.
(ELIXIR OF AMMONIO-CITRATE OF BISMUTH, PEPSIN, AND STRYCHNIA.)  
(ELIXIR OF PEPSIN, BISMUTH, AND STRYCHNIA.)

     Elixir of citrate of ammonium and
        bismuth with pepsin,     16 fluidounces.
     Strychnine,          1 1/4 grains.
     Acetic acid,          a sufficient, quantity.

     Triturate the strychnine in a mortar with acetic acid in sufficient amount
to effect its solution, and then add the elixir of citrate of ammonium and
bismuth with pepsin.  If of acid reaction, cautiously add ammonia water until it
is neutral or even slightly alkaline.
     Each fluidrachm (teaspoonful) of the finished elixir contains one grain 
each of pepsin and ammonio-citrate of bismuth, and one-hundredth grain of 
strychnine.
     The remarks we have made concerning strychnine and pepsin, in their 
respective positions, will apply with pertinence to this preparation; and 
although this elixir embraces a mass of pharmaceutical incongruities, it is 
among the most popular elixirs used by physicians.  Were it not for this fact, 
the combination would not deserve a position.

38.  ELIXIR OF CITRATE OF AMMONIUM AND BISMUTH WITH STRYCHNINE.
(ELIXIR OF AMMONIO-CITRATE OF BlSMUTH AND STRYCHNIA.)
(ELIXIR OF BlSMUTH AND STRYCHNIA.)

     Elixir of citrate of ammonium with
        bismuth,          16 fluidounces.
     Strychnine,          1 1/4 grains.
     Acetic acid,          a sufficient quantity.

     Triturate the strychnine in a mortar, cautiously adding acetic acid until 
the alkaloid is dissolved, then add the elixir of citrate of ammonium with 
bismuth.
     Each fluidrachm (teaspoonful) of the finished elixir contains two grains
of citrate of ammonium and bismuth, and about one-hundredth of a grain of
strychnine as the acetate of that alkaloid.
     Strychnine is incompatible with alkaline solutions, and if a precipitate
should occur while the elixir has an alkaline reaction, care must be taken that
this precipitate is thoroughly mixed with the liquid before each dose is 
administered, inasmuch as the ammonio-citrate of bismuth is incompatible with an
acid, this elixir must have an alkaline or at least a neutral reaction.  
However, although one and one-fourth grains of strychnine refuse to dissolve in 
sixteen fluidounces of water, it seems that the menstruum composing this elixir 
has the property of holding in solution the strychnine, even though it (the 
elixir) is alkaline, and thus the general incompatibility of the constituents is
overcome.

39.  BITTER ELIXIR.
(ELIXIR AMARUM.)

     Extract of buck-bean,          2 troyounces.
     Extract of orange peel,          2 troyounces.
Dissolve them in a mixture of
     Diluted alcohol,               16 troyounces.
     Peppermint water,               16 troyounces.
And add of
     Spirit of ether (Hoffman's anodyne),     1 troyounce.
     This formula is that of the German Pharmacopoeia, 1872.

40.  ELIXIR OF BLACKBERRY.

     Fluid extract of blackberry,          2 fluidounces.
     Simple elixir,               14 fluidounces.
     Alcohol,               1/2 fluidounces.
     Carbonate of magnesium,          a sufficient quantity.

     Triturate the fluid extract of blackberry in a capacious mortar with 
carbonate of magnesium in amount sufficient to form a creamy mixture, then 
gradually add the simple elixir, stirring well, and filter.
     Each fluidrachm of the finished elixir represents seven and one half 
minims of fluid extract of blackberry.  A formula for this elixir, containing 
blackberry root, cinnamon, and cloves, was suggested in the Druggists' Circular,
1880.

41. ELIXIR OF BOLDO.

     Fluid extract of boldo,      4 fluidounces
     Simple elixir,          12 fluidounces
     Alcohol,          2 fluidounces
     Carbonate of magnesium,     a sufficient quantity.

     Triturate the fluid extract of boldo with carbonate of mag-nesium 
sufficient to produce a creamy mixture, then gradually add the simple elixir, 
filter, and add the alcohol.
     Verne recommended an elixir of boldo in the Pharmaceutical Journal and 
Transactions, but, as the virtues of boldo are imperfectly extracted by an 
aqueous liquid, we do not admire such a preparation. According to this formula 
each fluidrachm should contain the active principles of seven and one-half 
minims of fluid extract of boldo.  But, as a matter of fact, that amount will 
not dissolve in that quantity of the menstruum, the excess remaining in the 
filter paper.

42.  ELIXIR OF BRANDY.
     Nutmegs,               40 grains.
     Cardamom,               60 grains.
     Rhubarb,               60 grains.
     Lavender flowers,               60 grains.
     Cinnamon,               60 grains.
     Ginger,               60 grains.
     Powdered extract of licorice,          360 grains.
     Brandy,               16 fluidounces.
     Water,               8 fluidounces.

     Mix the drugs and reduce them to a coarse powder, and macerate this in the
mixed brandy and water for fourteen days, stirring the mixture thoroughly each 
day; then filter.  It may also be prepared by percolation.
     This elixir was once sold as a proprietary remedy, under the name "Dr. 
Butler's Elixir of Brandy."  We are informed, however, by a writer in the 
Druggists' Circular (1858), that Dr.Butler was a "fictitious character," coined 
by a couple of young men who made a sale for "Dr. Butler's Medicines."

43.  ELIXIR OF BUCHU.

     Fluid extract of buchu,          2 fluidounces.
     Simple elixir,               16 fluidounces.
     Carbonate of magnesium,          a sufficient quantity.
     Triturate the fluid extract of buchu with carbonate of mag-nesium in 
sufficient amount to form a creamy mixture, then gradually add the simple 
elixir, and filter.
     According to this formula each fluidrachm should contain the active 
principles of seven and one-half minims of fluid extract of buchu.  But, as a 
matter of fact, that amount will not dissolve in that quantity of the menstruum,
the excess remaining in the filter paper.  In our opinion, fluid extract of 
buchu should be made with alcohol of the specific gravity 0.820, and the 
addition of water lessens its value as a menstruum for extracting buchu and 
retaining its desirable principles, in proportion to the amount of water added.
Hence it is that the elixir of buchu is inferior to an equivalent amount of the 
fluid extract of buchu used in making it, providing the fluid extract was 
reputable.

44.  COMPOUND ELIXIR OF BUCHU.

     Compound fluidextract of buchu,      4 fluidounces.
     Simple elixir,               16 fluidounces.
     Carbonate of magnesium,          a sufficient quantity.
     Triturate the compound fluid extract of buchu with carbonate of magnesium 
in sufficient amount to form a creamy mixture, then gradually add the simple 
elixir, and filter.
     This elixir is similar to that commended by the National Formulary, and is
of the same strength.

45.  ELIXIR OF BUCKTHORN.
(ELIXIR OF FRANGULA.)

     Fluid extract of frangula,          4 fluidounces.
     Alcohol,               1 fluidounces.
     Simple elixir,               14 fluidounces.
     Carbonate of magnesium,          a sufficient quantity.

     Triturate the fluid extract in enough magnesium carbonate to form a creamy
mixture, then add the simple elixir, and filter.  Each fluidrachm represents 
fifteen grains of buckthorn.

46.  ELIXIR OF CAFFEINE.

     Caffeine,               128 grains.
     Dilute hydrobromic acid, U. S. P.      32 grains.
     Syrup of coffee,               4 fluidounces.
     Simple elixir, enough to make,     16 fluidounces.

     Triturate the caffeine in a mortar with the dilute hydrobromic acid and 
sufficient simple elixir to dissolve it, then add the syrup, and lastly enough 
simple elixir to make sixteen fluidounces.  This formula is similar to the one 
commended by the National Formulary, and is of the same strength.

47.  ELIXIR OF BROMIDE OF CALCIUM.

     Bromide of calcium,     640 grains.
     Simple elixir,          15.5 fluidounces.

     Dissolve the bromide of calcium in the simple elixir, and filter if 
necessary.
     Each fluidrachm (teaspoonful) of the finished elixir contains five grains 
of bromide of calcium.  This proportion was recommended by Robert W. Gardner, 
1880.

ELIXIR OF IODO-BROMIDE OF CALCIUM.

     This is private property.  Under the above name a preparation has been 
introduced and extensively advertised, and through courtesy to the proprietors 
we refrain from interfering.

48.  ELIXIR OF HYPOPHOSPHITE OF CALCIUM.

     Hypophosphite of calcium,     256 grains.
     Citric acid,          30 grains.
     Simple elixir,     ............enough to make l 6 fluidounces.

     Dissolve the hypophosphite of calcium in the simple elixir, add the 
citric acid, and filter.  Each fluidrachm contains two grains of hypophosphite 
of calcium.

49. ELIXIR OF LACTOPHOSPHATE OF CALCIUM.

     Lactophosphate of calcium,          128 grains.
     Simple elixir,               16 fluidounces.
     Lactic acid, syrupy,          1 fluidrachm.

     Mix the simple elixir with the lactic acid, and dissolve therein the 
lactophosphate of calcium, and filter.  Each fluidrachm of the finished elixir 
contains one grain of lactophosphate of calcium.  This elixir corresponds in 
strength to that of previous editions of our work, and also to that of the 
National Formulary.  In our opinion, the process commended herein is preferable 
to the others, and the product is practically identical.  The substance sold in 
commerce by chemical manufacturers under the name lacto-phosphate of calcium, 
although not a definite salt, is probably as effective therapeutically as the 
pharmaceutical preparation made by dissolving either phosphate of calcium in 
lactic acid, or lactate of calcium in phosphoric acid.

50. ELIXIR OF MONO-BROMATED CAMPHOR.

     Mono-bromated camphor,     128 grains.
     Simple elixir,          15 fluidounces.
     Alcohol,          1 fluidounces.

     Dissolve the mono-bromated camphor in the alcohol, and stir this solution 
slowly in the simple elixir.
     Each fluidrachm (teaspoonful) of the finished elixir contains one grain 
of mono-bromated camphor.  Mr. T. Mundy, of Paris, has recommended an elixir of 
mono-bromated camphor containing nine grains in fifteen fluidrachms, but the 
amount of alcohol is very great. However, as alcohol is the best common solvent 
for this substance, we prefer a simple alcoholic solution to an elixir, as the 
water present in the elixir favors precipitation.

51. ELIXIR CAMPHOR MONO-BROMATED, COMPOUND.

     Butyl chloral               3 grains.
     Essence of cinnamon,          1 1/2 drachms.
             Dissolve the butyl chloral in the essence of cinnamon,and add
     Tincture of gelsemium,          10 minims.
     Simple (red) elixir,          1 1/2 fluidrachms.
     Simple syrup,
        a sufficient quantity to make.....     1 fluidounces.

     Then triturate two grains of mono-bromated camphor and dissolve in the 
above liquid.
     According to the Pharmaceutical Journal and Transactions, this elixir is 
often prescribed in Paris.
     Each fluidrachm contains about one-third grain of butyl chloral, one 
minim of tincture of gelsemium, and one-fourth grain of mono-bromated camphor.

52. COMPOUND CATHARTIC ELIXIR.

     Simple elixir,               14 fluidounces.
     Fluid extract of rhubarb,          2 fluidounces.
     Sulphate of magnesium,          2 troyounces.
     Carbonate of magnesium,          a sufficient quantity.

     Triturate the fluid extract of rhubarb in a capacious mortar with 
carbonate of magnesium in amount sufficient to form a creamy mixture, then 
gradually add the simple elixir, having previously dissolved in it the magnesium
sulphate; stir well, and filter.
     Each fluidrachm of the finished elixir represents seven and one-half 
minims of fluid extract of rhubarb, and contains seven and one-half grains of 
magnesium sulphate.
     In the year 1876 an anonymous correspondent furnished the Druggists' 
Circular with a mixture for making the above elixir.  It was much more complex 
and presented no advantages over our formula.
     The National Formulary makes this elixir of a mixture of senega, 
podophyllum, leptandra, jalap, and Rochelle salt.  It is an imperfect 
pharmaceutical preparation.

53.  COMPOUND ELIXIR OF CELERY.

     Take of fluid extracts of celery, coca, kola, and black haw bark, of each 
one fluidounces.  Mix the fluid extracts, add two fluidounces of alcohol and 
enough simple elixir to make sixteen fluidounces.  After standing a few days, 
with occasional agitation, filter the mixture.  This elixir is of the same 
strength as that of the compound elixir of celery of the National Formulary.  
It deposits a sediment and is not a perfect preparation.

54.  ELIXIR OF WILD CHERRY.

     Fluid extract of wild cherry,          2 fluidounces.
     Simple elixir,               14 fluidounces.
     Alcohol,               1/2 fluidounces.
     Carbonate of magnesium,          a sufficient quantity.

     Triturate the fluid extract of wild cherry in a capacious mortar with 
carbonate of magnesium in amount sufficient to form a creamy mixture, then 
gradually add the simple elixir, stirring well, and filter. Lastly, mix the 
filtrate with the alcohol.
     Each fluidrachm of the finished elixir will contain the medicinal 
principles of seven and one-half grains of wild- cherry bark.

55. ELIXIR OF WILD CHERRY WITH CHLORIDE OF IRON AND CITRATE OF AMMONIUM.
(ELIXIR OF WILD CHERRY AND CHLORIDE OF IRON.)
(FERRATED ELIXIR OF WILD CHERRY.)

     Elixir of wild cherry,          16 fluidounces.
     Tincture of chloride of iron,          1/2 fluidounces.
     Solution of citrate of ammonium,     1/2 fluidounces.

     Mix the tincture of chloride of iron with the solution of citrate of 
ammonium, and add this to the elixir of wild cherry.
     Each fluidrachm (teaspoonful) of the finished elixir contains seven and 
one-half minims of fluid extract of wild cherry, and about two minims of 
tincture of chloride of iron.
     This formula is based upon Mr. J. Creuse's experiments with "tasteless 
chloride of iron," and to him we are indebted for the improved process (citrate 
of ammonium mixed with chloride of iron) for associating iron with vegetable 
astringents.  Should the foregoing produce an inky liquid, increase the amount 
of solution of citrate of ammonium.  Since fluid extracts vary, the proportion 
of our formula is sometimes incorrect.

56.  ELIXIR OF HYDRATE OF CHLORAL.
(ELIXIR OF CHLORAL.)

     Chloral hydrate,          640 grains.
     Simple elixir,          15 1/2 fluidounces.

     Dissolve the chloral hydrate in the simple elixir, and filter if 
necessary.
     Each fluidrachm (teaspoonful) of the finished elixir contains five grains 
of hydrate of chloral, which is one-half the amount present in syrup of chloral 
of the British Pharmacopoeia.

57. ELIXIR OF CIMICIFUGA.
(ELIXIR OF MACROTYS. )

     Fluid extract of cimicifuga,          2 fluidounces.
     Simple elixir,               14 fluidounces.
     Alcohol,               1/2 fluidounces.
     Carbonate of magnesium,          a sufficient quantity.

     Triturate the fluid extract of cimicifuga in a capacious mortar with 
carbonate of magnesium in amount sufficient to form a creamy mixture, then 
gradually add the simple elixir, stirring well, and filter. Lastly, mix the 
filtrate with the alcohol.
     Each fluidrachm of the finished elixir should contain seven and one-half 
minims of fluid extract of cimicifuga.  But, as a matter of fact, that amount 
will not dissolve in that quantity of the menstruum, the excess remaining in 
the filter paper.  The remarks we make concerning elixir of grindelia robusta 
apply with equal pertinence to this.

58. COMPOUND ELIXIR OF CIMICIFUGA.
(COMPOUND ELIXIR OF MACROTYS. COMPOUND ELIXIR OF BLACK COHOSH.)

     Fluid extract of cimicifuga,          4 fluidounces.
     Fluid extract of wild-cherry bark,     2 fluidounces.
     Fluid extract of licorice,          1 fluidounces.
     Fluid extract of senega,          1 fluidounces.
     Fluid extract of ipecac,           1/2 fluidounces.
     Simple elixir,               13 fluidounces.
     Carbonate of magnesium,          a sufficient quantity.

     Mix the fluid extracts together and evaporate the mixture to three 
fluidounces.  Triturate this in a capacious mortar, with carbonate of magnesium 
in amount sufficient to form a creamy mixture, then gradually add the simple 
elixir, stirring well, and filter.
     Each fluidrachm of the finished elixir represents (subject to remarks 
concerning elixir of cimicifuga) fifteen minims of fluid extract of cimicifuga, 
together with seven and one half minims of fluid extract of wild-cherry bark, 
about four minims each of fluid extract of licorice and senega, and nearly two 
minims of fluid extract of ipecac.

59.  CLAUDER'S ELIXIR

     Carbonate of potassium,          1 troyounce.
     Chloride of ammonium,          1 troyounce.
     Elder-flower water,          1 1/2 pints.

          Dissolve and add

     Aloes,          1 troyounce.
     Myrrh,          1 troyounce.
     Saffron,          2 drachms.

     Macerate for twenty-four hours, and filter.Pideret.

60. ELIXIR OF COCA.

     Fluid extract of coca,          2 fluidounces.
     Simple elixir,               14 fluidounces.
     Alcohol,               1/2 fluidounces.
     Carbonate of magnesium,          a sufficient quantity.

     Triturate the fluid extract of coca in a capacious mortar with carbonate 
of magnesium in amount sufficient to form a creamy mixture, then gradually add 
the simple elixir, stirring well, and filter. Lastly, mix the filtrate with the 
alcohol.
     Each fluidrachm of the finished elixir represents seven and one-half 
minims of fluid extract of coca.

61. ELIXIR OF COCA AND GUARANA.

     Fluid extract of coca,          2 fluidounces.
     Fluid extract of guarana,          2 fluidounces.
     Purified talcum,               240 grains.
     Simple elixir,               12 fluidounces.

     Triturate the mixed fluid extracts with the purified talcum, gradually 
add the simple elixir, shaking well together, and agitate occasionally for 
twenty-four hours, then filter
     Each fluidrachm represents seven and one-half grains each of coca and 
guarana.

62. ELIXIR OF COLUMBO.

     Fluid extract of columbo,          2 fluidounces.
     Simple elixir,               14 fluidounces.
     Carbonate of magnesium,          a sufficient quantity.

     Triturate the fluid extract of columbo in a capacious mortar with 
carbonate of magnesium in amount sufficient to form a creamy mixture, then 
gradually add the simple elixir, stirring well, and filter.
     Each fluidrachm of the finished elixir represents seven and one-half 
minims of fluid extract of columbo.

63. ELIXIR OF COLUMBO, CITRATE OF IRON, AND RHUBARB.
(ELIXIR OF COLUMBO, IRON, AND RHUBARB.)

     Citrate of iron,                1/2 troyounce.
     Solid extract of columbo,           1/8 troyounce.
     Solid extract of rhubarb,           1/8 troyounce.
     Distilled water,               4 fluidounces.
     Brandy,               4 fluidounces.
     Simple elixir,               4 fluidounces.

     Dissolve the citrate of iron in the distilled water and triturate the 
solid extracts with this liquid until they are dissolved.  Filter the solution 
and mix the filtrate with the brandy and simple elixir.
     This mixture was given through the Druggists' Circular, 1873, by Mr. W. 
Turpin Swentsell.

64.  COMPOUND ELIXIR OF CORYDALIS.

     Fluid extract of corydalis,          1 fluidounces.
     Fluid extract of stillingia,          1 fluidounces.
     Fluid extract of prickly-ash berries,      1/2 fluidounces.
     Fluid extract of blue flag-root,     1/2 fluidounces.
     Alcohol,               2 fluidounces.
     Iodide of potassium,          384 grains.
     Simple elixir, carbonate of magnesium,     of each a sufficient quantity.

     Triturate the mixed fluid extracts in a capacious mortar with carbonate 
of magnesium in amount sufficient to form a creamy mixture, then gradually add 
simple elixir enough to produce sixteen fluidounces, stirring well, and filter. 
Lastly, mix the filtrate with the alcohol, and dissolve the iodide of potassium
in the liquid.
     Each fluidrachm of the finished elixir represents the proportion which the
menstruum will dissolve of about four minims each of fluid extract of corydalis 
and of stillingia, about two minims of fluid extract of prickly-ash berries, 
and two minims of fluid extract of blue flag-root; together with three grains 
of iodide of potassium.
     We have little faith in the power of the above menstruum to dissolve the 
desirable principles of the drugs, corydalis, perhaps, excepted; but the elixir 
may be therapeutically worthy, since iodide of potassium alone is valuable.
     The above formula is nearly identical with that offered by the joint 
committee of the National College of Pharmacy and the Medical Society of the 
District of Columbia.

65. ELIXIR of COTO.

     Fluid extract of coto,          2 fluidounces.
     Simple elixir,               16 fluidounces
     Carbonate of magnesium,          a sufficient quantity.

     Triturate the fluid extract of coto with magnesium carbonate until a 
creamy mixture results, then gradually add the simple elixir, and filter.  Each 
fluidrachm of this elixir represents such an amount of seven and one-half 
grains of coto as will dissolve in the liquid.

66. COMPOUND ELIXIR OF CHLOROFORM.
(CHLOROFORM PAREGORIC OF DR. HARTSHORNE.)

     Chloroform,               1 1/2 fluidounces.
     Tincture of opium,          1 1/2 fluidounces.
     Tincture of camphor,          1 1/2 fluidounces.
     Aromatic spirit of ammonia,          1 1/2 fluidounces.
     Best brandy,               2 fluidounces.

     Mix together.  Each fluidrachm of the finished elixir contains eleven and 
one-fourth minims of each of the medicinal ingredients.  It should be dispensed 
cautiously.
     This preparation was originally used under the name "chloroform paregoric 
of Dr. Hartshorne," and the formula was published in the book of formulae 
issued in 1867 by the joint committee of the Medical and Pharmaceutical 
Associations of the District of Columbia.  In former editions of our work this 
compound was entitled "Elixir of Chloroform."

67. ELIXIR CHLOROFORMIQUE OF BOUCHUT.
(BOUCHUT'S ELIXIR OF CHLOROFORM.)

     Chloroform,          8 minims.
     Alcohol,          64 minims.
     Simple elixir,          225 minims.

     Mix in the order given.  Each fluidrachm of the finished elixir contains 
one and three-fifths of a minim of chloroform.
(Proceedings of the American Pharmaceutical Association, 1862.)

68. COMPOUND ELIXIR OF CRAMP BARK.
(COMPOUND ELIXIR OF VIBURNUM OPULUS.)

     Fluid extract of cramp bark,          1 1/2 fluidounces.
     Fluid extract of beth root,          2 1/2 fluidounces.
     Fluid extract of aletris,          1 1/4 fluidounces.
     Compound elixir of taraxacum,          11 fluidounces.

     Mix them and allow the mixture to stand a few days, and then filter.

69. ELIXIR OF CROTON.

     Croton chloral hydrate,          128 grains.
     Distilled water,               2 fluidounces.
     Simple elixir,               14 fluidounces.
     Dissolve the croton chloral hydrate in the water, and add the simple 
elixir (Druggists' Circular, 1875).  Each fluidrachm (teaspoonful) of the 
finished elixir contains one grain of croton chloral hydrate.

ELIXIRS OF CALISAYA OR CINCHONA BARK 
AND ITS ALKALOIDS.

     These include the most popular elixirs, and which are prescribed most 
freely by physicians.  The original "cordial elixir of calisaya" contained all 
of the principles of the bark which were soluble in the menstruum used in 
making it, and, as a simple elixir of calisaya, is preferred by many physicians 
at the present day.  When combina-tions of calisaya bark and the various iron 
preparations were introduced, a demand was created for an elixir of calisaya 
which could be mixed with certain iron salts without precipitation or inky 
disco-loration, and this was followed by the introduction of "detannated elixir 
of calisaya," which would answer this purpose.  However, in making the 
detannated elixir the natural combination of the alkaloids is destroyed and the 
cincho-tannic acid is separated, and we prefer to use the alkaloids of calisaya 
direct.  The use of the alkaloids, by pharmacists, instead of the bark, will 
certainly give a more definite preparation, as variation in quality is thus 
overcome, and we do not know that the name "elixir of calisaya" is very 
inappropriate under these conditions.  Hence it is that we direct the "elixir 
of calisaya from the alkaloids" in this work; but if the operator prefers, the 
detannated elixir can be substituted.
     It must be remembered that the alkaloids of calisaya are almost insoluble 
in a slightly alkaline or neutral aqueous menstruum, and, as a consequence, the 
elixir of these alkaloids should have an acid reaction.  However, some outside 
combinations, especially with pyrophosphate of iron and ammonio-citrate of 
bismuth, will not admit of a strong acid reaction, and the operator should 
endeavor to have these associations as nearly neutral as it is possible and 
retain the several ingredients in solution.  With a little experience the 
skillful pharmacist will learn to associate many of these incongruities; but 
there is no doubt that oft times the filter paper is the real pharmacist, when 
some of the incompatibles we might name are supposed to be associated in a 
transparent, permanent condition, and that upon the filter paper may be found 
the bulk of the medicinal ingredients.

PREPARATIONS OF ALKALOIDS.

     In following the directions for making elixirs by this work, it will be 
observed that we refer to alkaloid cinchonidine, and alkaloid quinine, as well 
as alkaloid cinchonine.  The last is in general use, but the others must often 
be prepared extemporaneously.  In reviewing the processes which have been 
heretofore recommended, we find consid-erable trouble in manipulation.  The 
plan of our Pharmacopoeia (1870) is that of dissolving the sulphate of the 
alkaloid in water, by means of sulphuric acid, and then precipitating with 
ammonia water, after which the precipitated alkaloid is washed with water.  In 
following this process we find a very bulky, amorphous precipitate, and which 
requires a large amount of water before it can be thoroughly freed from ammonium
sulphate.  Again, when we attempt to dry this precipitate, if the weather is 
moderately warm, it runs together, agglutinates, and finally forms a 
transparent, horn-like mass which adheres closely to the paper.  In order to 
overcome these troubles, the writer has devised the following process, which 
yields an alkaloid which answers every purpose required by the class of 
preparations under consideration:

ALKALOID QUININE OR ALKALOID CINCHONIDINE.

     Sulphate of quinine or sulphate of
         cinchonidine,          1 ounce.
     Distilled water,          32 fluidounces.
     Ammonia water,          1/2 fluidounces.

     Mix the ammonia water with the distilled water, and having placed the 
sulphate of the desired alkaloid in a mortar, gradually triturate it with a 
sufficient amount of the liquid, so as to form a thin, creamy mixture, then add 
the remainder of the mixed waters.  Permit this to stand half an hour, and 
transfer to a filter paper; then, after the precipitate has drained, return it 
to the mortar, and mix it again with a liquid composed of

     Distilled water,          32 fluidounces.
     Ammonia water,           1/4 fluidounces.

     Permit this mixture to stand for half an hour, and then transfer it to a 
muslin strainer, squeeze. it until the liquid is expressed, and then dry it by 
hanging it in the atmosphere, without, however, removing the strainer.
     The foregoing process offers several advantages over the old, not the 
least being the ready production of an alkaloid in a porous and finely divided 
form.  If the strainer is permitted to remain during the process of drying, the 
liquid carries the dissolved sulphate of ammo-nium to the surface, as it 
evaporates, and deposits it upon the muslin.
     This process is often followed by the writer with regard to other 
precipitates which contain coloring matters and impurities that ordinary 
washing seems not to separate.  By spreading them in thin layers upon muslin, 
and pressing a sheet of muslin upon their surface, the impurities are carried 
by the liquid to the surface.

70.  ELIXIR OF CALISAYA (OR CINCHONA.  See No. 71).
(CORDIAL ELIXIR OF CALISAYA.  ELIXIR OF BARK.)

     Calisaya bark,          4 troyounces
     Fresh orange peel,     2 troyounces.
     Ceylon cinnamon,          1 troyounce.
     Coriander seed,          1 troyounce.
     Fennel seed,           1/4 troyounce.
     Caraway seed,           1/4 troyounce.
     Cardamom seed,           1/4 troyounce.
     Cochineal,           1/4 troyounce.
     Brandy,          40 troyounces.
     Alcohol,          16 troyounces.
     Water,          56 troyounces.
     Simple syrup,          40 troyounces..

     Reduce the orange peel to a pulp by concussion in an iron mortar, and mix 
the pulp with the remainder of the drugs, having previously reduced them to a 
coarse powder.  Mix the brandy, alcohol, and water, and moisten the powder with 
an amount sufficient of this menstruum to prepare it for percolation. Pack the 
moistened powder in a suitable percolator, and extract it by percolation with 
the remainder of the menstruum.  Lastly, mix this percolate with the simple 
syrup.
     This formula was furnished the American Journal of Phar-macy, January, 
1859, by Mr. Alfred B. Taylor, excepting that the manipulation has been slightly
modified by us.  This process furnishes a very palatable preparation, and at one
time it was popular under the name "cordial elixir of calisaya." However, a 
slight precipitate occurs in it after standing, and, as a rule, pharmacists 
prefer an elixir made of the alkaloids.  In our opinion, this elixir is often 
the preferable elixir of calisaya, but out of respect to the demands of trade, 
and combinations to be made, we shall recognize under compounds of calisaya an 
elixir made with cinchona alkaloids, as follows:

71.  ELIXIR OF CINCHONA.

     The National Formulary uses the title Elixir of Cinchona instead of Elixir
of Calisaya.  That preparation is somewhat different from the typical elixirs 
that have been fashionable under the name elixir of calisaya, and we therefore 
give to the elixir of cinchona a separate position, although the distinction is 
not technically correct. The formula of the National Formulary is essentially 
as follows:

     Tincture of cinchona, U.S.P.,          2 1/2 fluidounces.
     Aromatic spirits,               2 fluidounces.
     Syrup,               6 fluidounces.
     Purified talcum,               120 grains.
     Water,     ........................enough to make 16 fluidounces.

     The liquids are to be mixed together, and, after having stood for twenty-
four hours, the purified talcum is to be added and shaken therewith.  The 
mixture is then to be filtered.  Each fluidounces r